Anatomy and Physiology of the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder

Toouli, James; Bhandari, Mayank

doi:10.1002/9780470986981.ch1

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…It suggests the importance of the given type of mechanoreceptors in the regulation of ovine gallbladder emptying (Cottrell 1994) although a certain role of chemoreceptors cannot be excluded. The gastric mechanisms controlling the gallbladder function were already reported (Toouli and Al-Jiffry 2001;U r a et al 1992) and these mechanisms, originating from the abomasum, might be responsible, at least in part, for the gallbladder dynamics observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Ultrasonographic Monitoring of Gallbladder Dynamics during Fasting and Feeding Conditions in Sheep

Romanski¹

2004

Acta Vet. Brno

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of real-time ultrasonography for long-term studies of ovine gallbladder motor function and the assessment of the dynamics of gallbladder contractility in various fasting conditions and as the consequence of feeding with hay and grain mixture. Five adult sheep were selected in order to find the gallbladder shape suitable for the application of the ellipsoid method to estimate the gallbladder volume. In these animals, the ultrasonographic maximal-size gallbladder images were obtained every 10 min for periods of 3-5 h. Seven series of gallbladder length and height measurements were performed on each animal and the results were used to estimate the gallbladder volume utilizing the ellipsoid method. In animals fasted for 2 days, the gallbladder volume changed significantly (from 12.4 ± 1.2 to 24.2 ± 2.1 ml) in the fashion of cycles lasting usually longer than 100 min. In 1-day fasted animals, the fluctuations of gallbladder volume were less clear than in 2-day fasted animals and ranged from 16.3 ± 2.2 to 26.8 ± 4.3 ml. Feeding significantly lowered the gallbladder volume which gradually returned to values similar to those during the pre-feeding period. In non-fasted animals, feeding with hay evoked a longer contractile effect (control 30.6 ± 2.9 ml, feeding 14.2 ± 1.1 ml, p < 0.001) than feeding with a grain mixture (control 31.0 ± 3.3 ml, feeding 15.9 ± 3.2 ml, p < 0.05). Thus, the ultrasonographic method for gallbladder motility examination is useful in sheep and may provide important basic and clinical information. Furthermore, the results indicate that pre-duodenal mechanoreceptors and/or chemoreceptors can play a role in the control of gallbladder motility in sheep.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Ultrasonographic Monitoring of Gallbladder Dynamics during Fasting and Feeding Conditions in Sheep

Romanski¹

2004

Acta Vet. Brno

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“…The right and left hepatic ducts drain the bile from right and left hemiliver respectively, while both the ducts also drain the caudate lobe of the liver. The left hepatic duct is comparatively longer than the right hepatic duct 3,4 . Both the ducts along with hepatic artery and portal vein exit from the liver at the point of porta hepatis 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Both the ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct (CHD) and is 4cm long. The cystic duct (CD) joins CHD on the right side to form the common bile duct 3,6,7 . The average length of CD is 2-4 cm while the diameter ranges from 1-5 mm and the mucosa is thrown into concentric folds called the spiral valves of Heister 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Variations in Cystic Duct Observed in Patients During Open Cholecystectomy at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar.

Iftikhar,

Naz,

Rehman

et al. 2024

J Khyber Coll Dent

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Objectives: To dermine the type of morphology of the cystic duct and to file the occurrence of anatomical variations in the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study having a total number of 220 patients were selected for the study undergoing open cholecystectomy. This includ- ed both female and male cases. All patients were operated by open cholecystectomy procedure. During the surgicalprocedure Calot’s triangle was identifi ed and the junction of cystic duct with the common hepatic duct was carefully observed and any variation in the morphology of cystic duct was observed and were noted on a proforma.Results: Out of 220 patients, Normal anatomy was observed in 164 patients (74.54%). Anomalies were observed in 56 patients(25.45%) . Small cystic duct was the most common anomaly observed in 21 (9.54%) patients. 19 (8.63%) cases were observed to have long cystic ducts. The cystic duct entering the right hepatic duct was observed in 10 (4.54%) cases. Apparent common bile ducts(ACBD) were found in 6 (1.36%) patients.Conclusion: The extrahepatic biliary tree is the region mostly prone to anatomical variations. Cystic duct has been observed to be having a diversity of anatomical variations affecting the biliary tree. Hence it is mandatory for the surgeons to have an accurate acquaintance to standardanatomy and anatomical variations of the cystic duct to avoid any complications during and after cholecystectomy.

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“…Bile is produced by hepatocytes and is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder [6]. Its function is to facilitate the absorption of lipophilic substances such as fats and vitamins [7], to excrete cholesterol, and to regulate the intestinal microbiota through its bactericidal activity [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallbladder microbiota variability in Colombian gallstones patients

Arteta¹,

Carvajal-Restrepo²,

Sánchez-Jiménez³

et al. 2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Gallbladder stones are a very frequently occurring condition. Despite bile bactericidal activity, many bacteria have been detected inside the gallbladder, and gallstones facilitate their presence. Between 3% and 5% of the patients with Salmonella spp. infection develop the carrier stage, with the bacteria persisting inside the gallbladder, shedding bacteria in their feces without signs of infection. The aim of this study was to isolate bacteria from Colombian patients with gallstones, using standard culturing methods, and to identify Salmonella spp. carriers by molecular techniques. Methodology: A total of 149 patients (120 female and 29 male) diagnosed with gallstones who underwent cholecystectomy and who did not have symptoms of acute inflammation were included. Gallbladder tissue and bile were cultured and used for DNA extraction and Salmonella spp. hilA gene detection. Results: Of the 149 patients 28 (19%) had positive cultures. Twenty-one (75%) patients with positive cultures were from Medellin's metropolitan area. In this geographical location, the most frequent isolations were Pseudomonas spp. (38%), Klebsiella spp. (23%), and Proteus spp. (9%) in addition to unique cases of other bacteria. In Apartado, the isolates found were Enterobacter cloacae (50%), Raoultella terrigena (32%), and both Enterobacter cloacae and Raoultella terrigena were isolated in one (18%) male patient. Five (3.3%) of the 149 patients had positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results for the hilA gene of Salmonella spp., all of whom were female and residents of the Medellín metropolitan area. Conclusions: The gallbladder microbiota variability found could be related to geographical, ethnic, and environmental conditions.

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder

Cited by 4 publications

References 79 publications

Ultrasonographic Monitoring of Gallbladder Dynamics during Fasting and Feeding Conditions in Sheep

Ultrasonographic Monitoring of Gallbladder Dynamics during Fasting and Feeding Conditions in Sheep

Anatomical Variations in Cystic Duct Observed in Patients During Open Cholecystectomy at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar.

Gallbladder microbiota variability in Colombian gallstones patients

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