“…Many advanced constitutive models have been developed to simulate the cyclic and time independent behaviours of the material. Armstrong and Frederick (1966), Abdel Ohno (2000a, 2000b), Bari and Hassan (2000, Chaboche (1986a), Chaboche et al (1979), Chaboche andRousselier (1986b, 1986c), Ohno and Wang (1991, 1993, 1994, Ohno (1998), Yoshida (2000), Yoshida and Uemori (2002), Ellyin and Xia (1989), Trampczynski and Mroz (1992), Haupt and Kamlah (1995), Jiang and Sehitoglu (1996), Kobayashi and Ohno (2002), Khutia et al (2013) and many others developed improved constitutive models for representing cyclic non-linear responses including ratcheting.…”