Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa

Salazar, Ignacio; Sánchez‐Quinteiro, Pablo; Barrios, Arthur W.; Amado, Manuel López; Vega, J.A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…In spite of these and other works, up to the present day it is still generally believed that an overwhelming majority of ORN dendrites in the OE are located between OSCs [29,30] (Figure 2), and the wrapping of ORN dendrites by OSCs, if recognized at all, has been characterized as occasional and partial [31][32][33][34]. .…”

Section: Early Cytological and Cytoarchitectonic Studies Of The Olfacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update

Liang

2020

Genes

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The pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE) may histologically appear relatively simple, but the cytological relations among its cell types, especially those between olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and olfactory sustentacular cells (OSCs), prove more complex and variable than previously believed. Adding to the complexity is the short lifespan, persistent neurogenesis, and continuous rewiring of the ORNs. Contrary to the common belief that ORN dendrites are mostly positioned between OSCs, recent findings indicate a sustentacular cell enwrapped configuration for a majority of mature ORN dendrites at the superficial layer of the OE. After vertically sprouting out from the borderlines between OSCs, most of the immature ORN dendrites undergo a process of sideways migration and terminal maturation to become completely invaginated into and enwrapped by OSCs. Trailing the course of the dendritic sideways migration is the mesodendrite (mesentery of the enwrapped dendrite) made of closely apposed, cell junction connected plasma membrane layers of neighboring folds of the host sustentacular cell. Only a minority of the mature ORN dendrites at the OE apical surface are found at the borderlines between OSCs (unwrapped). Below I give a brief update on the cytoarchitectonic relations between the ORNs and OSCs of the OE. Emphasis is placed on the enwrapment of ORN dendrites by OSCs, on the sideways migration of immature ORN dendrites after emerging from the OE surface, and on the terminal maturation of the ORNs. Functional implications of ORN dendrite enwrapment and a comparison with myelination or Remak’s bundling of axons or axodendrites in the central and peripheral nervous system are also discussed.

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Section: Early Cytological and Cytoarchitectonic Studies Of The Olfacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update

Liang

2020

Genes

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“…In summary, abundant expression of AQPs in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity strongly suggests the participation of these proteins in normal physiological processes, such as humidification of inspired air, but also suggests that alterations in their function or expression could contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Relationship Between Aqps and The Nasal Respiratory Epithmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The olfactory system is a unique sensory system in that olfactory sensory neurons are embedded in the epithelium in the nasal cavity and directly face the external environment. The olfactory mucosa is a yellowish mucous membrane located in the upper region of the nasal cavity [ 12 , 13 ]. Chemosensory epithelia, which are responsible for olfactory sensation, are categorized into two types: olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal sensory epithelium.…”

Section: Relationship Between Aqps and Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal sensory epithelium, all cells that have access to the luminal surface via their apical surface, including chemosensory, supporting, and ductal cells, are involved in the chemosensing process. In these tissues, AQPs probably collaborate to regulate the water and ionic environment at the chemoreceptor surface, as well as in the intercellular space [ 12 , 13 , 76 ].…”

Section: Relationship Between Aqps and Olfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nose, the primary organ of smell, also functions as part of the body’s respiratory system, providing air for respiration; conditioning the air by filtering, warming, and moistening it; and cleaning itself of foreign debris extracted during inhalation [ 9 , 10 ]. The epithelium of the nasal mucosa is divided into two functional types: respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Studies on pathophysiological mechanisms of the nose tend to reflect these functional and histological differences and can be largely classified into those related to diseases associated with respiratory versus olfactory functions of the nose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression, Distribution and Role of Aquaporins in Various Rhinologic Conditions

Jung

Park

Kim

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Aquaporins (AQPs) are water-specific membrane channel proteins that regulate cellular and organismal water homeostasis. The nose, an organ with important respiratory and olfactory functions, is the first organ exposed to external stimuli. Nose-related topics such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been the subject of extensive research. These studies have reported that mechanisms that drive the development of multiple inflammatory diseases that occur in the nose and contribute to the process of olfactory recognition of compounds entering the nasal cavity involve the action of water channels such as AQPs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between AQPs and rhinologic conditions, focusing on the current state of knowledge and mechanisms that link AQPs and rhinologic conditions. Key conclusions include the following: (1) Various AQPs are expressed in both nasal mucosa and olfactory mucosa; (2) the expression of AQPs in these tissues is different in inflammatory diseases such as AR or CRS, as compared with that in normal tissues; (3) the expression of AQPs in CRS differs depending on the presence or absence of nasal polyps; and (4) the expression of AQPs in tissues associated with olfaction is different from that in the respiratory epithelium.

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Establishment of a consensus protocol to explore the brain pathobiome in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Lathe

Schultek²,

Balin

et al. 2023

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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Microbial infections of the brain can lead to dementia, and for many decades microbial infections have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, a causal role for infection in AD remains contentious, and the lack of standardized detection methodologies has led to inconsistent detection/identification of microbes in AD brains. There is a need for a consensus methodology; the Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative aims to perform comparative molecular analyses of microbes in post mortem brains versus cerebrospinal fluid, blood, olfactory neuroepithelium, oral/nasopharyngeal tissue, bronchoalveolar, urinary, and gut/stool samples. Diverse extraction methodologies, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques, and bioinformatic tools will be evaluated, in addition to direct microbial culture and metabolomic techniques. The goal is to provide a roadmap for detecting infectious agents in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. Positive findings would then prompt tailoring of antimicrobial treatments that might attenuate or remit mounting clinical deficits in a subset of patients.

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Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa

Cited by 36 publications

References 176 publications

Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update

Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update

Expression, Distribution and Role of Aquaporins in Various Rhinologic Conditions

Establishment of a consensus protocol to explore the brain pathobiome in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

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