Anatomy of the sweat glands, pharmacology of botulinum toxin, and distinctive syndromes associated with hyperhidrosis

Kreyden, Oliver P; Scheidegger, E.Paul

doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.029

Cited by 102 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…The duct fuses with the base of the epidermal papillae to open via a rounded aperture onto the skin surface, which is visible as a regular series of puncta along the centers of friction ridges (Groscurth 2002). The secretory coil, z0.5 mm in diameter, is situated deep in the dermis or hypodermis, and both clear cells and dark cells can be distinguished within its epithelium (Kreyden and Scheidegger 2004). Clear cells secrete the major components of sweat, water, and electrolytes, whereas the dark cells are known to secrete glycoproteins.…”

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“…They are least numerous on the trunk (65 6 20/cm 2 ) and the extremities (120 6 30/cm 2 ) (Groscurth 2002). Although the total number of human sweat glands is somewhere between 2 and 4 million, only z5% of sweat glands are active at the same time, indicating the enormous potential for sweat production (Kreyden and Scheidegger 2004).…”

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“…Clear cells secrete the major components of sweat, water, and electrolytes, whereas the dark cells are known to secrete glycoproteins. Other functions of the clear cells, however, remain unknown (Kreyden and Scheidegger 2004).…”

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“…They are distributed nearly widely across the entire human body surface with the exception of the margins of the lips, nail beds, nipples, inner preputial surface, labia minora, glans penis, and glans clitoridis (Groscurth 2002;Kreyden and Scheidegger 2004). Their greatest densities in humans are on the soles of the feet (620 6 20/cm 2 ), the forehead and the axilla (360 6 60/cm 2 ), and the palms and the cheek (300 6 80/cm 2 ).…”

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“…This fluid is modified in the excretory portion of the duct so that the fluid delivered to the skin surface has low Na 1 and Cl 2 concentrations (30-70 mEq/liter in each case) and an elevated (compared with serum) high K 1 (up to 5 mEq/liter), lactate, urea, and ammonia concentrations (Kreyden and Scheidegger 2004). This energy-intensive recovery of salts and other low molecular mass molecules in the distal portion of the ductal system is performed by ductal cells rich in mitochondria.…”

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SIBLING Expression Patterns in Duct Epithelia Reflect the Degree of Metabolic Activity

Ogbureke

Fisher

2007

J Histochem Cytochem.

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The SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family of secreted glycophosphoproteins includes bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteopontin (OPN), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). For many years, they were thought in normal adults to essentially be limited to metabolically active mesenchymal cells that assembled the mineralized matrices of bones and teeth. Over the last decade they have also been upregulated in a variety of tumors. Three of these proteins (BSP, OPN, and DMP1) have been shown to interact with three matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9, respectively). Recently, all five SIBLINGs and their MMP partners when known were observed in specific elements of normal ductal epithelia in salivary gland and kidney. We have hypothesized that the SIBLINGs and their MMP partners may be expressed in ductal cells with high metabolic activity. In this paper, we show that all the SIBLINGs (except MEPE) and their MMP partners are expressed in the metabolically active epithelia of human eccrine sweat gland duct but not in the more passive ductal cells of the macaque (monkey) lacrimal gland. It is hypothesized that MEPE expression may be limited to cells involved in active phosphate transport. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.

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