Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of pain

Moffat, Ryan; Rae, Colin P.

doi:10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.10.011

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…When this happens, it affects the quality of life of patients and their social environment. Hence, pathological pain is an important medical problem causing distress and disability that requires prompt clinical investigation and treatment (Julius and Basbaum, 2001; Moffat and Rae, 2011). On the other hand, considering that tissue damage is not always the main origin of pain, cognitive perception and somatic sensation should be considered as related but different phenomena.…”

Section: Physiology Of Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Prospective Alternatives for Treating Pain: The Endocannabinoid System and Its Putative Receptors GPR18 and GPR55

et al. 2019

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Background: Marijuana extracts (cannabinoids) have been used for several millennia for pain treatment. Regarding the site of action, cannabinoids are highly promiscuous molecules, but only two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) have been deeply studied and classified. Thus, therapeutic actions, side effects and pharmacological targets for cannabinoids have been explained based on the pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptors. However, the accumulation of confusing and sometimes contradictory results suggests the existence of other cannabinoid receptors. Different orphan proteins (e.g., GPR18, GPR55, GPR119, etc.) have been proposed as putative cannabinoid receptors. According to their expression, GPR18 and GPR55 could be involved in sensory transmission and pain integration.Methods: This article reviews select relevant information about the potential role of GPR18 and GPR55 in the pathophysiology of pain.Results: This work summarized novel data supporting that, besides cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, GPR18 and GPR55 may be useful for pain treatment.Conclusion: There is evidence to support an antinociceptive role for GPR18 and GPR55.

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Section: Physiology Of Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Prospective Alternatives for Treating Pain: The Endocannabinoid System and Its Putative Receptors GPR18 and GPR55

et al. 2019

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“…Although the precise mechanisms which control wound pain remain largely unknown [4] , the open literature suggests that all three major types of pain (nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic) are regulated through the peripheral or central nervous systems [4] . Both the peripheral and central nervous systems regulate the transduction of a noxious stimulus into an electrical impulse, which is then transmitted by nerves to the spinal cord and the brain [5] . Structures within the brainstem, collectively referred to as the limbic system, govern both the perception of pain and the physiological response to pain [5] .…”

Section: Pain and The Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both the peripheral and central nervous systems regulate the transduction of a noxious stimulus into an electrical impulse, which is then transmitted by nerves to the spinal cord and the brain [5] . Structures within the brainstem, collectively referred to as the limbic system, govern both the perception of pain and the physiological response to pain [5] . It should be noted that numerous other processes, such as the action of hormones, modulate pain intensity during both transmission and perception [5] .…”

Section: Pain and The Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structures within the brainstem, collectively referred to as the limbic system, govern both the perception of pain and the physiological response to pain [5] . It should be noted that numerous other processes, such as the action of hormones, modulate pain intensity during both transmission and perception [5] .…”

Section: Pain and The Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is associated with the energisation of the body, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is associated with the conservation of energy in the body; for example, the activity of the SNS causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure [11] . Short term SNS activation has been suggested to supresses pain [9] ; for instance, SNS activation releases the hormone norepinephrine, which is known to attenuate pain [5] . A study from 2002 investigated the relationship between the hormone cortisol, and pain, in 65 subjects [6] (cortisol is also released after SNS activation).…”

Section: Pain and The Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pain Prediction From ECG in Vascular Surgery

Rosenberg

Goverdovsky

Powezka

et al. 2017

IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med.

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Varicose vein surgeries are routine outpatient procedures, which are often performed under local anaesthesia. The use of local anaesthesia both minimises the risk to patients and is cost effective, however, a number of patients still experience pain during surgery. Surgical teams must therefore decide to administer either a general or local anaesthetic based on their subjective qualitative assessment of patient anxiety and sensitivity to pain, without any means to objectively validate their decision. To this end, we develop a 3-D polynomial surface fit, of physiological metrics and numerical pain ratings from patients, in order to model the link between the modulation of cardiovascular responses and pain in varicose vein surgeries. Spectral and structural complexity features found in heart rate variability signals, recorded immediately prior to 17 varicose vein surgeries, are used as pain metrics. The so obtained pain prediction model is validated through a leave-one-out validation, and achieved a Kappa coefficient of 0.72 (substantial agreement) and an area below a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97 (almost perfect accuracy). This proof-of-concept study conclusively demonstrates the feasibility of the accurate classification of pain sensitivity, and introduces a mathematical model to aid clinicians in the objective administration of the safest and most cost-effective anaesthetic to individual patients.

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