Ancillary services in active distribution networks: A review of technological trends from operational and online analysis perspective

A review of battery energy storage systems for ancillary services in distribution grids: Current status, challenges and future directions

“…The efficiency of the centralized controller is decreased if the communication is interrupted or lost. As a result, the support for regulating voltage problems is not guaranteed Kryonidis et al (2021). The distributed control does not require global grid information; instead, a communication link between neighboring installations is required Antoniadou-Plytaria et al (2017).…”

“…On the other hand, the active power injections from distributed RESs at the distribution grid can lead to technical issues such as voltage violations, power fluctuations, and network congestion Nour et al (2019). The traditional power plants are gradually decommissioning due to the increasing penetration of centralized and distributed RESs, which reduces the overall capacity of conventional power plants for ancillary service provision Kryonidis et al (2021); Podder et al (2020).…”

A Three-Level Distributed Architecture for the Real-Time Monitoring of Modern Power Systems

“…Today, power systems performance and operation has been significantly influenced by the emergence of renewable energy sources (RESs), introducing new challenges and unforeseen problems at system-wide or local grid level [1] - [3]. At the transmission network (TN) an important issue is the intermittent nature of RESs, resulting into high levels of system state variability as well as to uncertainty in real-time operation, that may cause abnormal frequency deviations and stability issues [4].…”

“…To overcome these weaknesses, the advent of smart grid technologies has enabled the development of online monitoring systems supported by measurement-based techniques to analyze directly from measured data the system dynamics [3], [12], [17] - [23]. Measurement-based techniques allow the close to real-time identification of grid characteristics, enhancing drastically the operational monitoring and control capabilities of power systems [24].…”

“…Measurement-based techniques allow the close to real-time identification of grid characteristics, enhancing drastically the operational monitoring and control capabilities of power systems [24]. Additionally, measurement-based models can be used to facilitate the information exchange and coordinated operation of TSOs and DSOs as well as to overcome possible confidentiality issues [3], [10].…”