“…In this regard, there is also undoubtedly a “social engineering” in shaping women’s lower aspirations (see also: Chiang et al, 2012). At the same time, the meritocratic system of college entrance exams, gāokǎo, hid existing gender inequalities for many years (Liu, 2016, p. 169) (it is also written in this context about the different point thresholds of the gāokǎo exam when admitting to the best universities) (McKinnon, 2018, p. 212). She writes that there was “an invisible ceiling for Chinese women” in this regard (Witt and Buck 2020, p. 258).…”