Androgen Metabolism and Response in Prostate Cancer Anti-Androgen Therapy Resistance

Abstract

All aspects of prostate cancer evolution are closely related to androgen levels and the status of the androgen receptor (AR). Almost all treatments target androgen metabolism pathways and AR, from castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Alterations in androgen metabolism and its response are one of the main reasons for prostate cancer drug resistance. In this review, we will introduce androgen metabolism, including how the androgen was synthesized, consumed, and responded to in healthy people and prostate cancer patients, and discuss how these alterations in androgen metabolism contribute to the resistance to anti-androgen therapy.

Periprostatic Adipose Tissue: A New Perspective for Diagnosing and Treating Prostate Cancer

“…Almost all treatments, from desensitized PCa (CSPC) to deadly resistant PCa (CRPC), target androgen metabolic pathways and AR. Altered androgen metabolism and its response are among the leading causes of drug resistance in PCa 127 . These findings further support the potential application of targeting PPAT-secreting molecules to control PCa progression.…”

Therapeutic potential and limitations of curcumin as antimetastatic agent

“…For example, dimethylcurcumin (ASC-J9) induces degradation of the androgen receptors, including AR-V7 and AR-F876L, which are strongly associated with lacking sensitivity to therapy and metastasis during pancreatic cancer [337]. Its application sometimes decreases invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells (Du145 and C4-2 cells), whereas this effect was significantly higher for AR-F876L positive cells [338].…”

Role of HIKESHI on Hyperthermia for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Application of a Novel Magnetic Nanoparticle with Carbon Nanohorn for Magnetic Hyperthermia

“…However, the prognosis of locally advanced PC and PC with metastasis remains poor. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is one of the main treatments of PC; however, most patients develop ADT resistance and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within several years [ 4 , 5 ]. Available treatments for CRPC consist of chemotherapy or new-generation anti-androgen drugs; however, patients often develop drug resistance and poor prognosis [ 5 ].…”