Androgyny, depression, and self-esteem in irish homosexual and heterosexual males and females

Carlson, Helena M.; Baxter, Leslie A.

doi:10.1007/bf00287562

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Presumably, this eifect should be most pronounced immediately after being labeled and should dissipate over time as the individual abandons his or her negative stereotypes and develops a repertoire of self-protective strategies. A similar process may explain the finding that low self-esteem is common among homosexual individuals during adolescence, when sexual preference is typically discovered and, hence, the homosexual label is first applied to the self (Bell, Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981), but not during adulthood (Carlson & Baxter, 1984;Greenberg, 1973;LaTorre & Wendenburg, 1983). Correlational evidence that acceptance of negative stereotypes is related to low self-esteem among stigmatized individuals was provided by Chassin and Stager (1984).…”

Section: Acceptance Of Negative Attitudes Toward the Stigmatized Groupmentioning

confidence: 93%

Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

Crocker

Major²

1989

Psychological Review

2,814

132

2,552

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Although several psychological theories predict that members of stigmatized groups should have low global self-esteem, empirical research typically does not support this prediction. It is proposed here that this discrepancy may be explained by considering the ways in which membership in a stigmatized group may protect the self-concept It is proposed that members of stigmatized groups may (a) attribute negative feedback to prejudice against their group, (b) compare their outcomes with those of the ingroup, rather than with the relatively advantaged outgroup, and (c) selectively devalue those dimensions on which their group fares poorly and value those dimensions on which their group excels. Evidence for each of these processes and their consequences for self-esteem and motivation is reviewed. Factors that moderate the use of these strategies and implications of this analysis for treatment of stigmas are also discussed. For more than three decades, social psychological research on prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination has examined both the content of stereotypes about a variety of social groups and the effects of these stereotypes on behavior toward members of those groups. Accumulated evidence has shown that many social groups or categories of people are stigmatized in our society. People hold generally negative stereotypes about such diverse groups as Blacks

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Section: Acceptance Of Negative Attitudes Toward the Stigmatized Groupmentioning

confidence: 93%

Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

Crocker

Major²

1989

Psychological Review

2,814

132

2,552

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lesbian and bisexual women are significantly more likely than heterosexual women to report that they were “tomboys” as children (Phillips & Over, 1995; Singh, Vidaurri, Zambarano, & Dabbs, 1999; Whitam & Mathy, 1991), and subsequently report more “butch” or androgynous personality and behavior as adults (Carlson & Baxter, 1984; Lippa, 2005; Singh et al 1999). However, such masculine self-presentation is by no means universal, with many lesbian and bisexual women describing more traditionally feminine childhoods and more “femme” self-presentation as adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butch/Femme Differences in Substance Use and Abuse Among Young Lesbian and Bisexual Women: Examination and Potential Explanations

Rosario

Schrimshaw

Hunter

2008

Substance Use & Misuse

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The current study examined the role of gender atypical self-presentation on the alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, as well as symptoms of substance abuse, of an ethnically diverse sample of 76 young (ages 14 – 21 years) lesbian and bisexual women who were interviewed between 1993-95 in New York City. Even after controlling for age, sexual identity, and social desirability, young butch women reported drinking alcohol more frequently and in greater quantity, smoking more cigarettes, and using marijuana more frequently than young femme women. Experiences of gay-related stressful events, internalized homophobia, and emotional distress were found to largely account for the butch/femme differences in tobacco and marijuana use, but not in higher levels of alcohol use. Despite the small convenience sample, these findings suggest that intervention efforts to address the higher levels of substance use among young lesbian and bisexual women may increase effectiveness by also addressing experiences of gay-related stress and emotional distress of young butch women.

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“…27 On the basis of a study among 283 homosexual males (aged 13-60+ years), Robinson, Skeen, and Flake-Hobson (1982) concluded that gay men were capable of mixing masculine and feminine aspects of their personalities early as well as later in life, unlike heterosexual men in whom androgyny is associated with increasing age. 28 Interestingly, Carlson and Baxter's (1984) study findings suggest that it is not one's homosexuality or heterosexuality that affects one's psychological health. More important is how one sees oneself in terms of masculinity and femininity.…”

Section: Two-dimensional Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Sexual Orientation and Gender: Stereotypes and Beyond

Sandfort

2005

Arch Sex Behav

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In this essay, I explore empirical research about the relationship between sexual orientation and gender. Both concepts have multiple meanings, which hinder an unequivocal understanding of the relationship between the two concepts. One of the first studies assumed to establish a relationship between male homosexuality and femininity was conducted by L. M. Terman and C. C. Miles (1936). The study actually gives a much more complicated picture of the relationship. Terman and Miles actually found two groups of homosexual men with, respectively, extremely high masculinity and extremely high femininity scores. Subsequently, various other studies examined the relationship between sexual orientation and gender, introducing the concept of androgyNY. While these studies were executed, major changes took place in the homosexual world, which have been characterized as the masculinization of culture. It is unclear how these changes relate to the masculine and feminine properties of the men involved. Various suggestions are made for further research on the relation between gender and sexual orientation.

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Androgyny, depression, and self-esteem in irish homosexual and heterosexual males and females

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

Butch/Femme Differences in Substance Use and Abuse Among Young Lesbian and Bisexual Women: Examination and Potential Explanations

Sexual Orientation and Gender: Stereotypes and Beyond

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