Anemia, diet and therapeutic iron among children living with HIV: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

BackgroundChildren living with HIV have higher-than-normal prevalence of anemia. The beneficial effect of therapeutic iron has been questioned in the setting of high prevalence of infections. This study examines anemia prevalence and effect of standard therapeutic iron on HIV disease progression among children.MethodsPerinatally-infected children aged 2–12 years were enrolled at three sites in southern India, and were followed for 1 year with clinical assessments, dietary recall and anthropometry. Laboratory parameters included iron markers (ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor) and other micronutrient levels (vitamin A, B12, folate). Iron was given to anemic children based on WHO guidelines. Statistical analyses including frequency distributions, chi square tests and multivariate logistic regression were performed using Stata v13.0.ResultsAmong 240 children enrolled (mean age 7.7 years, 54.6 % males), median CD4 was 25 %, 19.2 % had advanced disease, 45.5 % had malnutrition, and 43.3 % were on antiretroviral treatment (ART) at baseline. Anemia was prevalent in 47.1 % (113/240) children. Iron deficiency was present in 65.5 %; vitamin A and vitamin B12 deficiency in 26.6 % and 8.0 % respectively; and anemia of inflammation in 58.4 %. Independent risk factors for anemia were stunting, CD4 < 25 %, detectable viral load ≥400 copies/ml and vitamin A deficiency. Inadequate dietary iron was prominent; 77.9 % obtained less than two-thirds of recommended daily iron. Among clinically anemic children who took iron, overall adherence to iron therapy was good, and only minor self-limiting adverse events were reported. Median hemoglobin rose from 10.4 g/dl to 10.9 mg/dl among those who took iron for 3 months, and peaked at 11.3 mg/dl with iron taken for up to 6 months. Iron was also associated with a greater fall in clinical severity of HIV stage; however when adjusted for use of ART, was not associated with improvement in growth, inflammatory and CD4 parameters.ConclusionsChildren living with HIV in India have a high prevalence of anemia mediated by iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and chronic inflammation. The use of therapeutic iron for durations up to 6 months appears to be safe in this setting, and is associated with beneficial effects on anemia, iron deficiency and HIV disease progression.

Determinants of Anemia among HIV-Positive Children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2019: A Case-Control Study

“…e odds of children on HAART with WGT-Age Z score value between − 2_− 3 was also about 10 times higher to be anemic than those with WGT-Age Z score value between − 1_− 2. is is in line with findings of other studies in which stunting and vitamin A deficiency were identified as an independent risk factor for anemia [27,28]. is might be because malnourished children will have associated iron deficiency which is the most common cause of anemia.…”

Determinants of anemia among HIV positive children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) attending hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2019: A case-control study

“…The odds of children on HAART with WGT -Age Z score value between -2_-3 was also about 10 times higher to be anemic than those with WGT -Age Z score value between -1_-2. This is in line with findings of other studies in which stunting and vitamin A deficiency were identified as an independent risk factor for anemia (21,29). This might be because malnourished children will have associated iron deficiency which is the most common cause of anemia.…”

Hematologic abnormalities and associated factors among HIV infected children pre- and post-antiretroviral treatment, North West Ethiopia

“… 29 Published literature on this area indicates that disease progression and severe immunosuppression are associated with cytokine-mediated myelosuppression resulting in multiple hematologic abnormalities, including anemia. 30 …”