Determinants of Anemia among HIV-Positive Children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2019: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Introduction. Anemia is one of the most commonly observed hematological abnormalities and an independent poor prognostic marker of HIV disease. The rate of progression and mortality in this subgroup of patients is high compared to nonanemic patients. WHO estimates that over two billion people are anemic worldwide and young children bear the world’s highest prevalence rate of anemia. In Ethiopia, there is limited information about the determinant factors associated with anemia among HIV positive children. Thus, this study aimed to determine the determinant factors of anemia among HIV-infected children on HAART. Objective. The main purpose of this study was to assess the determinants of anemia among children on highly active antiretroviral therapy attending hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methods. A case-control study was conducted on 350 HIV-infected children on HAART attending Hospitals of North Wollo Zone, from February 1 to March 30, 2019. The study participants were selected with a consecutive sampling technique. An adapted, interviewer-administered, and pretested questionnaire and chart review were employed to collect the data. Besides, blood and stool samples were investigated to determine hematologic indices and malaria and to investigate intestinal parasites, respectively. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS version 24 statistical software and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors. Results. A total of 350 HIV positive children (117 cases and 234 controls) were included in this study with an overall response rate of 100%. On multivariate analysis, variables which have spastically significant association with anemia were as follows: had amebiasis (AOR = 7.29, 1.22–43.56), had history of opportunistic infections (AOR = 9.63, 1.94–47.85), had malaria infection (malaria pf) (AOR = 4.37, 1.16–16.42), eating nondiversified food (AOR = 10.39, 2.25–48.0), WGT-Age Z score value between −2_−3 (AOR = 9.80, 2.46–39.14), level of adherence (AOR = 2.31, 1.92, 7.77), and being from a rural area (AOR = 8.8, 2.07–37.79). Conclusion. In this study, having parasitic infections, having a history of opportunistic infections, being malnourished, having poor adherence to ART, caregivers living in the rural area, and eating nondiversified foods were significantly associated with hemoglobin status. Therefore, intervention aimed at prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of anemia is essential in these patients.

Magnitude and associated factors of peripheral cytopenia among HIV-infected children attending at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

“…The result was in agreement with many more literature conducted previously by Ruhinda et al [ 42 ], Fenta et al [ 43 ], Makubi et al [ 44 ] and Shet et al [ 45 ]. However, this is not in agreement with a recent study conducted at North Wollo, Ethiopia, which showed no significant difference in the prevalence of anemia [ 46 ]. The possible reason encountered to this difference may be due to sample size variation and difference in study design [ 47 ].…”

Predictors of Anemia Among Adult HIV Positive Patients on First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study

“…This finding was supported by studies done in Addis Ababa Zewditu Memorial Hospital, 8 and North Wollo, Ethiopia. 29 Increased risk of anemia had been observed in patients with TB/HIV co-infection. These could be different explanations for the observed association of HIV/TB co-infection and anemia.…”

The Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia on the Child Death Related to HIV/AIDS Infection: Meta-Analysis

“…on the mortality of children infected with HIV/AIDS DISCUSSION Iron has several important functions for the body, namely as a catalyst for oxygenation, helping the body's metabolism, hydroxylation, nucleic acid synthesis, and being a cofactor for enzymes in mitochondrial respiration. Beletew et al (2020) reported that the factors that influence anemia in children undergoing antiretroviral therapy are amebiasis, opportunistic diseases, malnutrition, non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy, originating from rural areas, and consuming a non-diversified diet.…”

“…Based on the WHO report, the highest prevalence of anemia is in children. Anemia in HIV/ AIDS sufferers is caused by nutritional imbalances, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, infection, and parenting (Beletew et al, 2020).…”