Background: Stunting is a very short body state in children that goes beyond the 2 SD deficit below the child population height. Worldwide stunting affects about 162 million children under five. Indonesia is included in 17 countries that have three nutritional problems in children under five: stunting, wasting, and overweight. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of stunting and child development in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at Mayangan and Jarak Kulon Community Health Centers, Jombang, East Java, in Januari 2018. A total sample of 58 children were selected for this study by fixed exposure sampling. The dependent variables were stunting and child development. The independent variables were birth-length, maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, and family income. The data were collected by questionnaire. Data on birth length was taken from maternal and child record at community health center. The data were analyzed by path analysis model. Results: The likelihood of good child development increased with maternal education (b= 1.08; 95% CI= 0.41 to 1.75; p= 0.001) and decreased with stunting (b= -0.78; 95% CI= -1.46 to -0.10; p=0.025). The risk of stunting decreased with birth-length (b= -0.90; 95% CI= -1.60 to -0.21; p=0.011) and maternal height (b=-0.92; 95% CI= -1.69 to -0.16; p=0.018). The risk of stunting increased with maternal age <20 y.0. or ≥35 y.o. at pregnancy (b= 0.73; 95% CI= -0.03 to 1.46; p=0.051). The likelihood of maternal age <20 y.0. or ≥35 y.o. at pregnancy decreased with higher education (b=-0.75; 95% CI= -1.44 to -0.06; p=0.033). Birth-length increased with maternal height (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.28 to 1.86; p= 0.008) and higher family income (b=0.93; 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.57; p=0.004). Birth-length decreased with maternal age <20 y.0. or ≥35 y.o. at pregnancy (b=-0.74; 95% CI= -1.48 to -0.01; p=0.047). Conclusion: The likelihood of good child development increases with maternal education and decreases with stunting. The risk of stunting decreases with birth-length and maternal height, and increases with maternal age <20 y.0. or ≥35 y.o. at pregnancy.

Background: After delivery psychological disorder otherwise appropriately and immediately handled may lead to postpartum depression (PPD). PPD has serious impact on mothers that manifests as lower quality of life and inability to care of themselves, their partner, and infants. There is a lack of studies on PPD in Indonesia. Its prevalence and determinants are not wellunderstood. This study seek to estimate the prevalence and the determinants of PPD in Sukoharjo, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at community health centers in Sukoharjo District, Central Java, from November to December, 2017. A total sample of 200 postpartum mothers was selected for this study using cluster random sampling, with community health center as the cluster. The dependent variable was PPD. The independent variables were maternal age, parity, labor complication, maternal education, self-efficacy, family income, coping strategy, unwanted pregnancy, and family support. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: PPD prevalence in Sukoharjo, Central Java, was 18.5%. The risk of PPD increased with labor complication (b= 3.14, SE= 0.45, p<0.001), unwanted pregnancy (b= 1.54, SE= 0.45, p<0.001), and low family income (b= -0.05, SE= 0.01, p<0.001). The risk of PPD decreased with age (b= -0.07, SE= 0.03, p= 0.028), stronger self-efficacy (b= -0.55, SE= 0.09, p<0.001), and improved coping strategy (b= -0.56, SE= 0.03, p= 0.064). Unwanted pregnancy increased with younger age (b= -0.02, SE= 0.01, p= <0.001), parity (b= 0.27, SE= 0.04, p<0.001), weaker family support (b= -0.05, SE= 0.02, p= 0.044), and lower family income (b= -0.01, SE= <0.01, p= 0.003). The risk of labor complication decreased with increasing age (b= -0.03, SE= 0.01, p<0.001) and higher family income (b= -0.01, SE= <0.01, p<0.001), but increased with parity (b= 0.27, SE= 0.05, p<0.001). Coping strategy improved with increasing age (b= 0.17, SE= 0.07, p= 0.015) and higher maternal education (b= 1.94, SE= 0.48, p<0.001). Self-efficacy increased with higher family income (b= 0.04, SE= 0.01, p<0.001) and stronger family support (b= 0.03, SE= 0.12, p= 0.016). Conclusion: PPD prevalence is 18.5% in Sukoharjo, Central Java. The risk of PPD increases with labor complication, unwanted pregnancy, and low family income, but decreases with age, stronger self-efficacy, and improved coping strategy.

Background: Stunting in children becomes a health problem that gets priority and must be addressed immediately. Delayed development, a decrease in cognitive function and immune function and the risk of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, hypertension and obesity are the effects of stunting. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of stunting in children aged 2-3 years in Jombang, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was carried out at Plandaan and Kabuh community health centers, Jombang, East Java, from March to April 2019. A sample of 200 children aged 2-3 years old was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were maternal age, maternal height, maternal attitudes, maternal occupation, birth length, infant birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding, family income, mother's education, and mother's knowledge. The data collection was done using questionnaires and analyzed with path analysis. Results: Stunting was directly and negatively affected by birth length ≥ 48 cm (b= -2.37; 95% CI= -3.25 to -1.50; p <0.001), infant birth weight ≥ 2500 g (b= -1.43; 95% CI= -2.53 to -0.32; p= 0.011), exclusive breastfeeding (b= -1.09; 95% CI= -1.90 to -0.28; p= 0.008), and timely complementary feeding (b= -1.09; 95% CI= -1.94 to -0.24; p= 0.012). Stunting was indirectly affected by family income, maternal age, maternal attitude, maternal height >150 cm, employed mother, maternal education, and maternal knowledge. Conclusion:Stunting is directly and negatively affected by birth length ≥48 cm, birth weight ≥ 2500 g, exclusive breastfeeding, timely complementary feeding. It was indirectly affected by family income, maternal age, attitude, maternal height >150 cm, employment, education, and knowledge.

An RCT on the efficacy of hypnosis in improving adherence to antituberculosis treatment using the Health Belief Model (HBM). Sixty study subjects were sampled at random from tuberculosis patients who visited the Center for Pulmonary Community Health in Solo, Indonesia. Hypnotherapy with posthypnotic suggestions was delivered once a week over 6 months. The data on pretested 7 HBM constructs were analyzed using t test and path analysis. Hypnotherapy had a positive effect on perceived susceptibility, seriousness, threat, benefit, and self-efficacy. It indirectly had a positive effect on adherence. Hypnotherapy had a negative effect on perceived barrier. This study supports the hypothesis that hypnotherapy effectively improves adherence to tuberculosis treatment, by enhancing health-related perception and beliefs in the HBM.

The EQ-5D is a multiattribute health status measure that can be used to derive preference-based index scores for health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) assessment. Valuations for EQ-5D health states using different techniques have been obtained in a number of countries. It is not clear how valuations from different countries compare. Using an ordinary least-squares regression, visual analog scale valuations for EQ-5D health states obtained in postal surveys in Finland and the United States were compared. The regression model estimates indicated that Finnish and U.S. respondents did provide different preference valuations for different levels of health. However, the country-specific differences were not large and depended on the dimension and the level of problem on that dimension. Differences in health-state valuations are unlikely to have important implications when using the EQ-5D in international studies.