Anesthetics Change the Excitation/Inhibition Balance That Governs Sensory Processing in the Cat Superior Colliculus

Populin, Luis C.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1147-05.2005

Cited by 56 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Although the impact of ketamine anesthesia on multisensory processes has been a subject of debate (Populin et al 2002(Populin et al , 2005Stanford et al 2005Stanford et al , 2007, we have seen little difference in the receptive fields or multisensory integrative capacity of neurons in a comparison between the ketamine-anesthetized and awake preparations (Wallace et al 1994(Wallace et al , 1998. The animal was then comfortably supported in the recumbent position without any wounds or pressure points via the head-holding system.…”

Section: Implantation and Recording Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The model assumes independence between the visual and auditory inputs and uses additive factors logic to distinguish between subadditive (contrast Ͻ0), additive (contrast ϭ 0), and superadditive (contrast Ͼ0) modes of response (Perrault Jr et al 2003, 2005Stanford et al 2005Stanford et al , 2007. Significant differences from a contrast value of zero were determined by means of a t-test.…”

Section: Multisensory Interactive Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Heterogeneity of Cortical Receptive Fields and Its Impact on Multisensory Interactions

Carriere

Royal²,

Wallace³

2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Carriere BN, Royal DW, Wallace MT. Spatial heterogeneity of cortical receptive fields and its impact on multisensory interactions. J Neurophysiol 99: 2357-2368, 2008. First published February 20, 2008 doi:10.1152/jn.01386.2007. Investigations of multisensory processing at the level of the single neuron have illustrated the importance of the spatial and temporal relationship of the paired stimuli and their relative effectiveness in determining the product of the resultant interaction. Although these principles provide a good first-order description of the interactive process, they were derived by treating space, time, and effectiveness as independent factors. In the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) of the cat, previous work hinted that the spatial receptive field (SRF) architecture of multisensory neurons might play an important role in multisensory processing due to differences in the vigor of responses to identical stimuli placed at different locations within the SRF. In this study the impact of SRF architecture on cortical multisensory processing was investigated using semichronic single-unit electrophysiological experiments targeting a multisensory domain of the cat AES. The visual and auditory SRFs of AES multisensory neurons exhibited striking response heterogeneity, with SRF architecture appearing to play a major role in the multisensory interactions. The deterministic role of SRF architecture was tightly coupled to the manner in which stimulus location modulated the responsiveness of the neuron. Thus multisensory stimulus combinations at weakly effective locations within the SRF resulted in large (often superadditive) response enhancements, whereas combinations at more effective spatial locations resulted in smaller (additive/subadditive) interactions. These results provide important insights into the spatial organization and processing capabilities of cortical multisensory neurons, features that may provide important clues as to the functional roles played by this area in spatially directed perceptual processes.

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Section: Implantation and Recording Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Multisensory Interactive Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Heterogeneity of Cortical Receptive Fields and Its Impact on Multisensory Interactions

Carriere

Royal²,

Wallace³

2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…It is unlikely that this is attributable (1) to a specificity of visuo-somatosensory integration because the sign of integration is independent of the particular modalities in play (Meredith and Stein, 1986a;Meredith et al, 1987); (2) to spatial alignment factors: the spatial congruence of bimodal stimuli controls the presence or absence of multisensory integration but not its sign; or (3) to the use of ineffective stimuli (Meredith and Stein, 1986a): the relative proportion of enhancement and depression when both visual and tactile stimuli are effective is very similar to that when only one modality activates the neurons. Some studies have reported higher rates of depression in awake than in anesthetized animals (Populin and Yin, 2002;Bell et al, 2003), suggesting that anesthesia depresses the neuronal activity of inhibitory interneurons (Populin, 2005) or that active fixation, arousal, and selective attention alters the ratio of cortical and subcortical inhibition and excitation (Bell et al, 2003). The parietal cortex is known to play an important role in attentional selection and perceptual decision.…”

Section: Discharge Rate Depression and Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque Monkey

Avillac¹,

Hamed²,

Duhamel³

2007

J. Neurosci.

247

205

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The goal of this study was to characterize multisensory interaction patterns in cortical ventral intraparietal area (VIP). We recorded single-unit activity in two alert monkeys during the presentation of visual (drifting gratings) and tactile (low-pressure air puffs) stimuli. One stimulus was always positioned inside the receptive field of the neuron. The other stimulus was defined so as to manipulate the spatial and temporal disparity between the two stimuli. More than 70% of VIP cells showed a significant modulation of their response by bimodal stimulations. These cells included both bimodal cells, i.e., cells responsive to both tested modalities, and seemingly unimodal cells, i.e., cells responding to only one of the two tested modalities. This latter observation suggests that postsynaptic latent mechanisms are involved in multisensory integration. In both cell categories, neuronal responses are either enhanced or depressed and reflect nonlinear sub-, super-, or additive mechanisms. The occurrence of these observations is maximum when stimuli are in temporal synchrony and spatially congruent. Interestingly, introducing spatial or temporal disparities between stimuli does not affect the sign or the magnitude of interactions but rather their occurrence. Multisensory stimulation also affects the neuronal response latencies of bimodal stimuli. For a given neuron, these are on average intermediate between the two unimodal response latencies, again suggesting latent postsynaptic mechanisms. In summary, we show that the majority of VIP neurons perform multisensory integration, following general rules (e.g., spatial congruency and temporal synchrony) that are closely similar to those described in other cortical and subcortical regions.

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“…For example, in the avian brain, the selective responses for the BOS observed during periods of synchronized EEG (anesthesia or slow-wave sleep) were not observed in awake birds (Schmidt and Konishi, 1998;Schmidt, 2003, 2004). Similarly, the strength of evoked responses and the temporal discharge patterns in the mammalian auditory system differ considerably between anesthetized and awake animals (Torterolo et al, 2002;CotillonWilliams andEdeline, 2003, 2004;Massaux et al, 2004;Populin, 2005); for other references see (Hennevin et al, 2007). Thus, in the present study, to ensure that the anesthetic did not mask some aspect of the neural code that is in use in awake animals, we also analyzed neuronal spike trains recorded in the auditory cortex of awake guinea pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Spike-Timing Code for Discriminating Conspecific Vocalizations in the Thalamocortical System of Anesthetized and Awake Guinea Pigs

Huetz¹,

Philibert²,

Edeline³

2009

J. Neurosci.

103

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Understanding how communication sounds are processed and encoded in the central auditory system is critical to understanding the neural bases of acoustic communication. Here, we examined neuronal representations of species-specific vocalizations, which are communication sounds that many species rely on for survival and social interaction. In some species, the evoked responses of auditory cortex neurons are stronger in response to natural conspecific vocalizations than to their time-reversed, spectrally identical, counterparts. We applied information theory-based analyses to single-unit spike trains collected in the auditory cortex (n ϭ 139) and auditory thalamus (n ϭ 135) of anesthetized animals as well as in the auditory cortex (n ϭ 119) of awake guinea pigs during presentation of four conspecific vocalizations. Few thalamic and cortical cells (Ͻ10%) displayed a firing rate preference for the natural version of these vocalizations. In contrast, when the information transmitted by the spike trains was quantified with a temporal precision of 10 -50 ms, many cells (Ͼ75%) displayed a significant amount of information (i.e., Ͼ2SD above chance levels), especially in the awake condition. The computed correlation index between spike trains (R corr , defined by Schreiber et al., 2003) indicated similar spike-timing reliability for both the natural and time-reversed versions of each vocalization, but higher reliability for awake animals compared with anesthetized animals. Based on temporal discharge patterns, even cells that were only weakly responsive to vocalizations displayed a significant level of information. These findings emphasize the importance of temporal discharge patterns as a coding mechanism for natural communication sounds, particularly in awake animals.

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Anesthetics Change the Excitation/Inhibition Balance That Governs Sensory Processing in the Cat Superior Colliculus

Cited by 56 publications

References 60 publications

Spatial Heterogeneity of Cortical Receptive Fields and Its Impact on Multisensory Interactions

Spatial Heterogeneity of Cortical Receptive Fields and Its Impact on Multisensory Interactions

Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque Monkey

A Spike-Timing Code for Discriminating Conspecific Vocalizations in the Thalamocortical System of Anesthetized and Awake Guinea Pigs

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