ANG II, ANG-(1-7), ALDO and AVP biphasic effects on Na+/H+ transport: the role of cellular calcium

Abstract

This article reviews the main body of knowledge regarding NHE1 and NHE3 exchangers and their interaction with Angiotensin II, Angiotensin-(1-7), Aldosterone and Arginine Vasopressin, particularly their renal actions. This work addresses the biphasic effects of different hormonal doses on NHE1 or NHE3 in proximal tubule in Wistar, SHR (hypertensives) and their control WKY (normotensives) rats or MDCK cells (which share similarities with the collecting duct). The hormones were applied alone, with their inhibitors or plus agents that change the [Ca 2+ ]i. The data are compatible with hormonal stimulation of these exchangers by increases of [Ca 2+ ]i in lower range, and inhibition at high [Ca 2+ ]i. In MDCK cells and Wistar rats, low doses of ANG II, ALDO or AVP stimulated the exchangers, while high doses inhibited them. ANG-(1-7), in Wistar or WKY rats has inverse, dose-dependent effects. In SHR rats, the biphasic effects of ANG-(1-7) were similar to the effects of ANG II, ALDO or AVP in Wistar rats. The interactions between these effects may represent a mechanism that regulates extracellular volume. In hypertensives animals, a high plasma level of ANG-(1-7) inhibited NHE3 in the proximal tubule, which mitigated hypertension. Figure 6 shows a schematic model to describe these biphasic hormonal effects.

The Relationship between Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS) Activity, Osteoporosis and Estrogen Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes

“…However, in T2D, the conventional RAAS axis is upregulated and the ACE2/Ang1-7/MasR axis is downregulated and may thus compromise bone health [124,128,129]. Anti-resorptive factors such as calcium, estrogen and TGFb promote bone health via the ACE2/Ang1-7/MasR axis and the Ang (1-7)/AT2R pathway [13,130]. [96].…”