Angioarchitecture of the Human Spermatic Cord

Ergün, Süleyman; Bruns, T.; Tauber, R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5913-9_34

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This hypothesis was suggested by the studies of Noordhuizen‐Stassen et al (1985), which showed higher oxygen saturation of the blood in the proximal than the distal pampiniform plexus vessels. Arteriovenous anastomoses in the spermatic cord were found in other mammals, such as humans (Ergun et al, 1997; Skowronski and Jedrzejewski, 2003), boars (Rerkamnuaychoke et al, 1991a), rats (Ohtsuka, 1984), and tree shrews (Rerkamnuaychoke et al, 1991b; Pradidararcheep et al, 1998) which suggested a relatively common function of these structures in animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…There is still controversy about the arteriovenous anastomoses of the bovine spermatic cord. Amselgruber and Sinowatz (1987) could not find them in bulls while others (Hees at al., 1990; Dyce, 2002; König and Liebich, 2007) described them. However, this important angioarchitectonical feature as indirect connections was unequivocally confirmed by the scanning electron micrographs presented in our research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dyce (2002), König and Liebich (2007) mentioned arrangement between vessels in bulls spermatic cord. They described that convoluted part of testicular artery is surrounded by pampiniform plexus veins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specimens included the spermatic cord together with the gonad and its coverings collected immediately after slaughter by a butcher in MarcUrb Abattoir, Szydlowiec, Poland from 2005 to 2008. The bulls (Polish black and white Holstein‐Friesian breed) were from 2.5 to 3 years of age, and hence, were after pubescence (Dyce, 2002; König and Liebich, 2007). No attempt to match morphological studies to age of the donor or position of the gonad (left or right) was made and material was analyzed uniformly in each case.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particular attention was paid to the arterial and venous relationship, including anastomoses between testicular artery and pampiniform plexus veins. The arteriovenous connections within the spermatic cord of the bull are not adequately described yet (Hees et al, 1984; Amselgruber and Sinowatz, 1987; Hees et al, 1990; Dyce, 2002; König and Liebich, 2007). Therefore, the challenge of the study was to gather, analyze, and document an appropriate number of the specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Angioarchitecture of the bovine spermatic cord

Polguj

Jędrzejewski

Topol

2011

Journal of Morphology

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We described the topography and morphometry of the testicular artery, pampiniform plexus veins, and indirect connections between them in the spermatic cord of the bull. Sixty microcorrosive casts of bovine spermatic cords were analyzed macroscopically, by stereomicroscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the testicles was 94.6 × 49.7 × 54.7 mm. The testicular artery formed a superiorly pointed cone-like structure with its base fixed to the proximal part of the gonad. The artery gave off one or two branches to the head of epididymis and to the deferens duct. The pampiniform plexus originated from intra-tunical veins. Veins of the pampiniform plexus were of smaller diameter but larger number than intra-tunical ones. The density of the veins of the pampiniform plexus was 9.37 ± 1.07 mm(-2) . The testicular vein began 90-121 mm above the superior pole of the testis. In 2.9% of specimens, the testicular vein was doubled. Numerous anastomoses among veins of pampiniform plexus were observed. Additionally, indirect anastomoses between the testicular artery and pampiniform plexus veins formed by the capillary network of the vasa vasorum of the testicular artery were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. In all cases, narrowings in the casts of the precapillary vessel were observed. We also documented the vasa vasorum of the testicular artery in bulls. The density of these vessels was 22.87 ± 11.48 mm(-2) . The indirect arteriovenous connections together with the presence of circular constrictions of the lumen in precapillary vessels may play a role in testicular blood flow regulation.

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