Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Papain-Hydrolyzed Camel Whey Protein and Its Hepato-Renal Protective Effects in Thioacetamide-Induced Toxicity

Abstract

Papain hydrolysis of camel whey protein (CWP) produced CWP hydrolysate (CWPH). Fractionation of CWPH by the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) generated fractions (i.e., SEC-F1 and SEC-F2). The angiotensin- converting- enzyme inhibitory activity (ACE-IA) and free radical scavenging actions were assessed for CWP, CWPH, SEC-F1, and SEC-F2. The SEC-F2 exerted the highest ACE-IA and scavenging activities, followed by CWPH. The protective effects of CWPH on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced toxicity were investigated in rats. The liver enzymes, protein profile, lipid profile, antioxidant enzyme activities, renal functions, and liver histopathological changes were assessed. Animals with TAA toxicity showed impaired hepatorenal functions, hyperlipidemia, and decreased antioxidant capacity. Treatment by CWPH counteracted the TAA-induced oxidative tissue damage as well as preserved the renal and liver functions, the antioxidative enzyme activities, and the lipid profile, compared to the untreated animals. The current findings demonstrate that the ACE-IA and antioxidative effects of CWPH and its SEC-F2 fraction are worth noting. In addition, the CWPH antioxidative properties counteracted the toxic hepatorenal dysfunctions. It is concluded that the hydrolysis of CWP generates a wide range of bioactive peptides with potent antihypertensive, antioxidant, and hepatorenal protective properties. This opens up new prospects for the therapeutic utilization of CWPH and its fractions in the treatment of oxidative stress-associated health problems, e.g., hypertension and hepatorenal failure.

Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR-α/γ) and the Fatty Acid Metabolizing Enzyme Protein CPT1A by Camel Milk Treatment Counteracts the High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

“…These peptides exerted significant antioxidant activities and inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. The smaller size fraction (SEC-1) exerted powerful hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects in thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity [ 24 ]. In a recent publication of our research group, we reported the protective effects of CM treatment on the histological and biochemical features of NAFLD induced by HFD-C in rats [ 25 ].…”

“…The peculiar composition of CM was associated with beneficial effects in NAFLD including decreased appetite, diminished cholesterol absorption from the gut, and reduced fat accumulation in the liver. Additionally, CM treatment counteracted hyperglycemia, IR, oxidative stress, and inflammation in experimental models of DM [22][23][24][25].…”

“…Many of the reported effects of CM treatment in patients and animal models of DM and NAFLD including the hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, insulin-sensitizing, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory actions [ 21 , 24 , 25 ] cross-match with the stated actions of PPAR ligands and agonists in the treatment of these diseases [ 13 – 17 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Physiological Performance of Rabbits Administered Buffalo Milk Yogurts Enriched with Whey Protein Concentrate, Calcium Caseinate or Spirulina platensis

“…On the other hand, Ca-CN was explicitly high in some essential ones, e.g., histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine and valine levels [43]. Milk proteins are the main source of a range of biologically active peptides, essential amino acids, and the appearance of their specific physiological characteristics may have nutritional significance, which is another aspect of their nutritional value [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. These results are similar to those of Karkos et al [53], who noticed significantly greater body weight when supplementing Spirulina into the poultry diet than the control.…”

Enhancing Grain Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation in Wheat Plants Grown under a Mediterranean Arid Environment by Foliar Spray with Papain-Released Whey Peptides

“…The antioxidant activity of whey protein hydrolysate was estimated by ABTS (2,20azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid) assay (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and according to Abdel-Hamid et al [34] and Osman et al [42]. The ABTS+ solution was prepared with final concentrations of 7 mM ABTS and 2.45 mM potassium persulfate.…”