Angular joint parameters in the andalusian horse at walk, obtained by normal videography

Kinematic Characterization of the Menorca Horse at the Walk and the Trot: Influence of Hind Limb Pastern Angle

“…The average speed obtained at the walk (1.68 m/s) ( Table 2) was the same found for Spanish Purebred horses (SPB) or German horses (GE) with 2D videography [5,12]. It was also similar to the SPB recorded on a treadmill (1.70 m/s, without inclination [27]) with Arab (AR) and AngloArab (AA) horses at a handled walk (1.63 and 1.64 m/s, respectively [15]) and European Warmblood (EW) ridden horses with a high degree of training in classic dressage at a medium walk (1.73 m/s [10]), although these studies used 2D methodology and any comparisons will therefore serve only for reference.…”

“…However, the similarity between the movement of the hind limbs in the MEN and those in the SPB breeds at the walk was greater. The range of hip (25.42 ) and range of tarsus (43.72 ) of the MEN horses were similar to those of the SPB breed (31.8 and 44.5 , respectively [12]), and the same was shown for the minimal protraction hind limb angle (67.41 in the MEN and 70.23 in the SPB breed [27]). At the trot, the hind limb joint movements of MEN horses were close to those of the AA, as with the range of hip (25.75 vs. 24.8 , respectively [8]) and the range of tarsus (63.17 vs. 61.3 , respectively [8]).…”

“…MEN horses showed a lower range of elbow joint at the walk (52.29 ) than SPB horses (64.2 and 59.3 [12,15]) and was closer to that of the AA (55.9 [15]), whereas this trait at the trot (61.81 ) was close to the values obtained for the AA (60.1 [8]) or EW (63 [21]) breeds and lower than the value obtained for the SPB (67.1 [8]) horses. Thus, the elevated movement, which is also desirable in dressage horses, was not found to be characteristic of MEN horses, although this could be improved by selection.…”

Walk and trot in the horse at driving: kinematic adaptation of its natural gaits

“…In the present study, the horses were led at hand at a similarly comfortable speed to those reported for handled walk and trot in other kinematic studies in Andalusian horses by Galisteo et al [14,15]. The speed for walk and trot at driving was selected by the driver in order to display the correct gaits as is usual in competition.…”

“…The selection process for sporting purposes has been mainly based on subjective criteria although studies of Grant [17], Back et al [3,4], and Holmström et al [21] have defined objective locomotion characteristics for performance prediction. Much has been written during the last two decades on basic stride characteristics, such as temporal, linear and angular variables, in different gaits and sport situations by Galisteo et al [14,15], Clayton [9,10] and Miró et al [23], and on coordination of joints within the equine fore and hind limbs by Back et al [5,6]. Concerning draught horses, studies on physiological adaptation to ploughing work by Perez et al [24] and driving competitions by Snow [26] have been carried out.…”