Angular Photogrammetric Analysis of the Soft Tissue Facial Profile of Iranian Young Adults

Abstract

Background: The evaluation of the soft tissue facial profile is essential to achieve facial harmony in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Objectives: This study aimed to develop soft tissue angular photogrammetric norms for a sample of Iranian population. Patients and Methods: Standardized profile photographic records were taken from 34 men and 37 women. Twelve measurements were analyzed on each photograph by AutoCad software. For statistical evaluation a Student's t-test was used and the reliability of the method was assessed by using Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) within a four week interval. Results: Three of the angles showed sexual differences: nasofrontal (G-N-Prn, P = 0.009), nasal (Cm-Sn/N-Prn, P = 0.012) and vertical nasal (N-Prn/Tv, P = 0.029). Other nine angles showed statistically insignificant gender differences (P > 0.05). Two of the angles that suggested gender differences were wider in females: nasofrontal and nasal angle while the third angle was wider in males. Other angles such as nasolabial (Cm-Sn-Ls), mentolabial (Li-Sm-Pg), nasal dorsum (N-Mn-Prn) and angle of the total convexity (G-Prn-Pg) were also found wider in females. The inferior third was larger than the middle third. Mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pg), which had the highest standard deviation, showed the greatest variability. Conclusions:The results showed gender dimorphism in three of the measurements: the nasofrontal, the nasal and the vertical nasal angles. Another significant finding was the large variability for the mentolabial angle. The result of this measurement should be assessed with caution.

Angular Photogrammetric Analysis of the Soft Tissue Facial Profile and Sexual Dimorphism in Young Adults in Zanjan

“…Their results were different from ours since there was no significant difference between males and females in these parameters in our study. Ajami et al (2014) conducted a study on 71 Iranian young adults and showed that there was a significant gender difference in the nasofrontal angle, nasal angle, and vertical nasal angle (19). These results are similar to those ofthe present study only in the nasal angle.…”

“…The nasal angle in females was larger than that in males, but the angle of the nasal dorsum, angle of inferior facial third, and angle of facial convexity in males were larger than in females. Different studies have investigated the facial profile angles and compared these angles between males and females (1,4,7,13,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

“…In other words, ongoing research on the facial appearance and the maxillofacial complex has established a number of variables related to facial esthetics for use by surgeons (9,14,18 (8). Ajami et al (2014) conducted a study on 71 Iranian young adults and showed that there was a significant gender difference in facial angles (19). Moshkelgosha et al (2013) reported a significant gender difference in nasofrontal angle, nasal angle, vertical nasal angle, angle of the nasal dorsum, mentolabial angle, and cervicomental angle in a sample of 240 Iranian young adults aged 16 to 18 years (4).…”

Differences in Angular Photogrammetric Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics among Parents and Their Offspring

“…(Table 2). Here, again, the sexual dimorphism of this angle is debatable; there are groups of authors claiming both the presence or absence of differences between males and females [1,17,26,27]. The reported angles of the total facial convexity were similar or somewhat smaller than those measured in our study (Table 2).…”

Angular Photogrammetric Analysis of Facial Profile of Igbos of Anam Community of Nigeria

“…The face is the custodian of physical attractiveness of an individual (Ajami et al, 2015;Akter and Hossain, 2007). It is also the most variable part of the human body.…”