Animal bone affluence in environmental reclamation: Biodiesel production, petro‐diesel biodesulfurization and wastewater photo‐treatment

Abstract

This study provides a new emphasis for research on the valorization of biowastes into nanocatalyst and biorefineries to be integrated with petroleum bioupgrading and polluted water treatment. The response surface optimized batch transesterification of waste‐frying oil using methanol and sustainable animal bone valorized fluorapatite nanocatalyst (FAP) yielded approximately 97% biodiesel via a pseudo‐second‐order reaction with an efficient rate of 0.48 (mol L−1)−1min−1 and activation energy of 13.11 kJ mol−1. In a pioneering step, by‐products of the starch industry and the biodiesel transesterification process; corn‐steep liquor (CSL 0.2 g L−1) and bioglycerol (6.24 g L−1) as nitrogen and carbon sources, increased the dibenzothiophene biodesulfurization (BDS) efficiency of a novel biodesulfurizing Rhodococcus jialingiae strain HN3 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MN173539) sixfold. Further, upon the application of such bioproducts in a batch BDS process (1/3 petro‐diesel/water) of 96 h; HN3 desulfurized 82.26% of 0.62 wt.% sulfur without affecting the petro‐diesel calorific value. In an attempt to reach zero waste, an auxiliary pioneering step was performed, where the spent waste FAP, after being efficiently used for four successive transesterification cycles, was applied to photo‐remediate 4‐nitrophenol polluted water under UV‐irradiation. Advantageously, the fresh and spent waste FAP recorded the same photodegradation capabilities. Where they obeyed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.966) recording the same rate constants (kapp 0.032 min−1) and were efficiently reused for four successive polluted‐water treatment cycles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Value-added materials recovered from waste bone biomass: technologies and applications

“…The percentage removal (%R) of the metal ions can be calculated using eqn (1). Whereas the amount of metal adsorbed per unit mass of the adsorbent, q e (mg g À1 ), can be estimated using eqn (2).…”

“…Worldwide, waste animal bones (WABs) are a large waste from the food industry and domestic waste, with an estimated annual global slaughter production of WABs exceeding 130 million metric tons. 1 Rather than being utilized for economic purposes, bone residues are generally considered and treated as slaughterhouse and domestic waste, then disposed of in landfills. In addition to posing a waste management challenge, improper disposal creates more environmental burdens and may lead to health issues.…”

Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel via Bacillus stratosphericus Lipase Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 Nanobiocatalyst

“…Te produced fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, Figure 2) were identifed by gas chromatography equipped with a fame ionization detector (GC/FID model HP Agilent 7890, CA, USA) using a prepared reference mixture of palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany), and linolenate was injected as an internal standard [18]. Ten, the biodiesel yield was calculated according to Nassar et al [2] based on the calculated % purity as follows:…”

“…Te increased global population with the highly eminent use of transportation fuels and industrial activities dramatically intensifes greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and the negative consequences of climate change [1,2]. Consequently, there is a worldwide conduit towards sustainable and green fuels [3], i.e., biodiesel [4], bioethanol [5], biojet [6], and biogas [7], which play a vital role in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development:economy, society, and environment [3].…”

“…Nowadays, there is a tremendous worldwide investment in the long-chain fatty acid monoalkyl ester, i.e., biodiesel, which is a natural, eco-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable alternative fuel to the nonrenewable petro-diesel without the need for any engine modifcations [8]. However, the frst-generation biodiesel from edible feedstock induced many environmental and societal concerns, negatively impacting food security and land use [2,9]. Besides, the main bottlenecks in the biodiesel industry are the high cost of feedstock [4,10], the massive consumption of nonsustainable homogenous catalysts in the transesterifcation process, and water in the washing step [11].…”