Animal models of scoliosis

Bobyn, Justin D.; Little, David; Gray, Randolph

doi:10.1002/jor.22797

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In fact, humans and fish share many developmental pathways and genetic similarities, which could be advantageous in furthering scoliosis etiology research. Many gene sequences isolated in fish have corresponding sequences in humans, including those involved in osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation, bone and muscle formation, and pineal gland development [ 150 ].…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present

Fadzan¹,

Bettany‐Saltikov²

2017

TOORTHJ

110

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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is one of the most common spinal deformities, yet its cause is unknown. Various theories look to biomechanical, neuromuscular, genetic, and environmental origins, yet our understanding of scoliosis etiology is still limited. Determining the cause of a disease is crucial to developing the most effective treatment. Associations made with scoliosis do not necessarily point to causality, and it is difficult to determine whether said associations are primary (playing a role in development) or secondary (develop as a result of scoliosis). Scoliosis is a complex condition with highly variable expression, even among family members, and likely has many causes. These causes could be similar among homogenous groups of AIS patients, or they could be individual. Here, we review the most prevalent theories of scoliosis etiology and recent trends in research.

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Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present

Fadzan¹,

Bettany‐Saltikov²

2017

TOORTHJ

110

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“… 21–23 Moreover, unilateral shortening or lengthening ribs can induce progressive scoliosis in humans 24 and in animal models of scoliosis. 25 , 26 We thus measured rib length asymmetries as a marker for scoliosis in the TSK and B6 mice. We found significant differences between left and right ribs in the thoracic region of the TSK mice ( Figure 6d ) with the left ribs shorter than the right ribs, suggesting a curve with the concavity on the right side.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of spinal deformities in the tight-skin mouse

Urban

2017

Bone Res

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Tight-skin (TSK) mice are commonly used as an animal model to study the pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome (MFS), but little is known of their skeletal phenotype and in particular of the development of the spinal deformities, common in MFS. Here we examined growth of the axial skeletons of TSK and wild-type(B6) mice during their period of rapid growth. The whole bodies of mice, 4–12 weeks of age, were scanned after sacrifice, by micro-computed tomography (microCT). We reconstructed three-dimensional models of the spine and ribs, and measured vertebral body heights and rib lengths using the Mac-based image-processing software “OsiriX”. Although the TSK mice were smaller than the B6 mice at 4 weeks, they experienced an early growth spurt and by 8 weeks the height, but not the width, of the vertebral body was significantly greater in the TSK mice than the B6 mice. Measurement of the angles of scoliotic and kyphotic curves post-mortem in the mice was problematic, hence we measured changes that develop in skeletal elements in these disorders. As a marker of kyphosis, we measured anterior wedging of the vertebral bodies; as a marker for scoliosis we measured asymmetries in rib length. We found, unlike in the B6 mice where the pattern was diffuse, wedging in TSK mice was directly related to spinal level and peaked steeply at the thoracolumbar junction. There was also significant asymmetry in length of the ribs in the TSK mice, but not in the B6 mice. The TSK mice thus appear to exhibit spinal deformities seen in MFS and could be a useful model for gaining understanding of the mechanisms of development of scoliosis and kyphosis in this disorder.

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“…Orthopedic spinal models are challenging to create in the rodent as it is difficult to model the complex dynamics and loading seen in a bipedal system using a quadrupedal animal . A published method for inducing scoliosis is to encourage rodents to become bipedal by amputating their tail and elevating their food, however many researchers find this model difficult to ethically justify.…”

Section: Orthopedic and Bone Tissue Engineering Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…61 Orthopedic spinal models are challenging to create in the rodent as it is difficult to model the complex dynamics and loading seen in a bipedal system using a quadrupedal animal. 62 A published method for inducing scoliosis is to encourage rodents to become bipedal by amputating their tail and elevating their food, 63 however many researchers find this model difficult to ethically justify. Spinal fusion models are possible to create in rodents, however the differing anatomy of their spinal processes requires modification of the procedure to fuse adjacent articular processes rather than transverse processes.…”

Section: Other Orthopedic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical models for orthopedic research and bone tissue engineering

Mills

Bobyn

Little

2017

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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In this review, we broadly define and discuss the preclinical rodent models that are used for orthopedics and bone tissue engineering. These range from implantation models typically used for biocompatibility testing and high-throughput drug screening, through to fracture and critical defect models used to model bone healing and severe orthopedic injuries. As well as highlighting the key methods papers describing these techniques, we provide additional commentary based on our substantive practical experience with animal surgery and in vivo experimental design. This review also briefly touches upon the descriptive and functional outcome measures and power calculations that are necessary for an informative study. Obtaining informative and relevant research outcomes can be very dependent on the model used, and we hope this evaluation of common models will serve as a primer for new researchers looking to undertake preclinical bone studies. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:832-840, 2018.

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Animal models of scoliosis

Cited by 28 publications

References 89 publications

Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present

Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present

Development of spinal deformities in the tight-skin mouse

Preclinical models for orthopedic research and bone tissue engineering

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