Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases

Fèvre, Eric M.; Bronsvoort, Barend M. deC.; Hamilton, Katie; Cleaveland, Sarah

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004

Cited by 393 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Rabies is a prime example (Bourhy et al, 2005;Fevre et al, 2006;Windiyaningsih et al, 2004). Ancient texts describe the existence of this disease in Mesopotamia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa

Talbi

Holmes

Benedictis

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

102

104

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The burden of rabies in Africa is estimated at 24 000 human deaths year "1 , almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (RABV). To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RABV in western and central Africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 African countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. This revealed that RABV currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'Africa 2'. A detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of this Africa 2 lineage revealed strong population subdivision at the country level, with only limited movement of virus among localities, including a possible east-to-west spread across Africa. In addition, Bayesian coalescent analysis suggested that the Africa 2 lineage was introduced into this region of Africa only recently (probably ,200 years ago), in accordance with the timescale of expanding European colonial influence and urbanization, and then spread relatively slowly, perhaps occupying the entire region in a 100 year period.

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“…Rabies is a prime example (Bourhy et al, 2005;Fevre et al, 2006;Windiyaningsih et al, 2004). Ancient texts describe the existence of this disease in Mesopotamia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa

Talbi

Holmes

Benedictis

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

102

104

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“…Many diseases are susceptible to being spread by movements between holdings, and past events such as foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom (2001) or classical swine fever in the Netherlands (2003) have clearly shown that live animal movements represent a major risk for the transboundary spread of disease (Fè vre et al, 2006). European Union legislation requires identification and registration for cattle, pigs, sheep and goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural vulnerability of the French swine industry trade network to the spread of infectious diseases

Rautureau

Dufour

Durand

2012

Animal

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The networks generated by live animal movements are the principal vector for the propagation of infectious agents between farms, and their topology strongly affects how fast a disease may spread. The structural characteristics of networks may thus provide indicators of network vulnerability to the spread of infectious disease. This study applied social network analysis methods to describe the French swine trade network. Initial analysis involved calculating several parameters to characterize networks and then identifying high-risk subgroups of holdings for different time scales. Holding-specific centrality measurements (‘degree’, ‘betweenness’ and ‘ingoing infection chain’), which summarize the place and the role of holdings in the network, were compared according to the production type. In addition, network components and communities, areas where connectedness is particularly high and could influence the speed and the extent of a disease, were identified and analysed. Dealer holdings stood out because of their high centrality values suggesting that these holdings may control the flow of animals in part of the network. Herds with growing units had higher values for degree and betweenness centrality, representing central positions for both spreading and receiving disease, whereas herds with finishing units had higher values for in-degree and ingoing infection chain centrality values and appeared more vulnerable with many contacts through live animal movements and thus at potentially higher risk for introduction of contagious diseases. This reflects the dynamics of the swine trade with downward movements along the production chain. But, the significant heterogeneity of farms with several production units did not reveal any particular type of production for targeting disease surveillance or control. Besides, no giant strong connected component was observed, the network being rather organized according to communities of small or medium size (<20% of network size). Because of this fragmentation, the swine trade network appeared less structurally vulnerable than ruminant trade networks. This fragmentation is explained by the hierarchical structure, which thus limits the structural vulnerability of the global trade network. However, inside communities, the hierarchical structure of the swine production system would favour the spread of an infectious agent (especially if introduced in breeding herds).

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“…However, this region has been experiencing regular inward transportation of high yielding cattle for milk production from the surra endemic north India. Increasing unregulated cattle transportation for private trade might be a prime factor (Fevre et al, 2006;Selby et al, 2013) responsible for spread of surra to this region. The recent report of clinical surra (Sarmah et al, 2015) and further evidence of positive results as observed in the clinical and apparently healthy FGST a rapid and simple low cost traditional tool may still find place in tentative diagnosis of clinical surra in cattle, similar to that of camels and horses of developing or under developed countries where more efficient rapid tests are yet to take off for field diagnosis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Formol Gel Slide Test With Reference to Blood Microscopy and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Diagnosis of Surra in Cattle

Sarmah¹,

Kakati²,

Bhattacharjee³

et al. 2018

JEBAS

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the conventional Formol Gel Slide Test (FGST) vis-avis Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) in diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle. In all, 51 adult Holstein-Friesian cattle were categorised in three groups i.e T. evansi positive symptomatic, parasite negative symptomatic and apparently healthy from 12 animal sheds at Guwahati, Assam. The FGST was performed with some modifications and results obtained were compared with blood smear findings and ELISA. The serum samples obtained from symptomatic cattle with or without detectable parasite in blood were found positive in the FGST as evidenced by immediate gellification and opacity development akin to white of a boiled egg. When compared to ELISA, the sera from clinical cases with high antibody titre (OD value >0.736) were found positive in FGST, while those from asymptomatic cattle with lower antibody titre, (OD value < 0.736) were all negative in the test. Thus the detection performance of blood microscopy, FGST and ELISA were found to be 3.92%, 5.88% and 17.64 % respectively. The study also suggests that ELISA as usual is more sensitive and suitable for screening of cattle herds during epidemiological investigation. However, the study revealed FGST to be a suitable, simple to perform and low cost screening test for field diagnosis of surra in clinically suspected cattle.

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Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases

Cited by 393 publications

References 54 publications

Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa

Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa

Structural vulnerability of the French swine industry trade network to the spread of infectious diseases

Evaluation of Formol Gel Slide Test With Reference to Blood Microscopy and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Diagnosis of Surra in Cattle

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