Animal Nutrition. Fourth Edition

Maynard, L. A.; Loosli, J. K.

doi:10.1097/00010694-195609000-00009

Cited by 89 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…Faecal samples for each of the diets was analysed for dry matter, protein and total lipid in triplicate. The percent apparent dry matter (%ADM), protein (%PD) and lipid (%LD) digestibility of the diets were determined using standard formulae [18]. The formulae used were:…”

Section: Sample Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Dietary Lipids on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Fatty Acid Composition and Histology of African Catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) Fingerlings

Babalola¹,

Apata²,

Omotosho³

et al. 2011

FNS

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Section: Sample Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Dietary Lipids on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Fatty Acid Composition and Histology of African Catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) Fingerlings

Babalola¹,

Apata²,

Omotosho³

et al. 2011

FNS

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“…Metabolic water was calculated from the feed composition. It was assumed that 1 g metabolized carbohydrates, fat and protein yielded 0.56, 1.07 and 0.42 g water, respectively (Maynard et al, 1981). Measured TWI was calculated as…”

Section: Animals and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deuterium oxide dilution accurately predicts water intake in sheep and goats

Al-Ramamneh

Riek

Gerken

2010

Animal

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The aim of this study was to test whether the deuterium oxide dilution technique accurately predicts water intake in sheep and goats. Two other issues were also studied: (i) a comparison of water intake in sheep and goats and (ii) an assessment of whether observations of drinking behaviour can accurately measure the water intake. In this study, eight dry Boer goats and eight dry German Black Head Mutton ewes were kept under controlled stable conditions. Animals had access to hay and water ad libitum. Diurnal drinking behaviour was recorded by video. Individual daily water intake was measured and estimated for 2 weeks by re-weighing water buckets and from water kinetics using the deuterium oxide dilution technique, respectively. In addition, dry matter intakes were directly measured and were significantly higher in sheep than in goats. The average daily water consumption by drinking differed significantly between the two species, with higher intakes in sheep than in goats. Total body water expressed as a percentage of body mass did not differ between species. Measurement methods of total water intake (TWI) using deuterium oxide dilution and re-weighing water buckets did not differ significantly in both species (P 5 0.926). Results obtained for measured and estimated TWI confirm that the isotope dilution technique gives reliable results for estimates of water intake in sheep and goats. The higher amount of water intake in sheep was also reflected by their drinking behaviour. Sheep spent approximately 0.3% per 24-h drinking, while Boer goats spent only 0.1%. However, measured and estimated TWIs were only moderately correlated to the daily time spent drinking. The lower water intake found in Boer goats confirms a superior water management capacity compared with Black Head Mutton sheep even under temperate conditions. Keywords: sheep, goats, water intake, isotope dilution, total body water, behaviour ImplicationsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that validated the water intake in sheep and goats by using the isotope dilution technique. The results show that the applied method (isotope dilution technique) allows the estimation of water intake in sheep and goats with high accuracy. This technique has the advantage that water flux can be evaluated individually while animals are kept in herds under extensive free-range conditions. Thus, normal drinking behaviour will not be disturbed by non-representative housing conditions such as stables.

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“…For T2DMI, the same methodology in the IPCC Tier 2 was applied; however, GE intake 146 was not calculated from NE requirement and DE%, but estimated based on actual DMI and 147 estimated GE content of the diets. This estimated GE intake should be very close to the actual 148 GE intake as GE contents are similar among normal diets (Maynard et al, 1979).…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Ipcc Tier 2 Methodologymentioning

confidence: 58%

Estimation of methane emission factor for enteric fermentation of growing-finishing Hanwoo steers using the IPCC Tier 2 approach

Kim

Seo

2015

Preprint

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Enteric methane (CH 4 ) production by cattle is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the livestock sector. In order to develop a national GHG inventory and establish a mitigation strategy for GHG emissions from livestock production, accurate estimation of enteric CH 4 production by cattle is required. In this regard, the Tier 2 method in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines is the most widely used. The objective of this study was to estimate and evaluate the CH 4 emission factor (MEF; kg CH 4 /head/year) for enteric fermentation using the IPCC Tier 2 method in Hanwoo steers, a dominant beef production species in Korea raised in a unique feeding system (e.g., a duration of > 16 months in a feedlot). Methane emission factor for enteric fermentation was estimated using the IPCC Tier 2 method (T2) on Korea-and Hanwoospecific data obtained from the literature. The MEF values were also estimated and compared using the IPCC Tier 1 (T1), the IPCC Tier 2 methodology with estimated gross energy GE intake based on actual dry matter intake (T2DMI), and the Japanese Tier 3 method (JT3). JT3 was chosen due to the similarity in the beef cattle production system between the two countries. Estimated MEF using T2 were 43.4, 33.9, and 36.2 kg CH 4 /head/year for the growing, finishing, and overall period, respectively. The overall MEF estimated using T2 was 23% lower than the estimate by T1 (47.0 kg CH 4 /head/year). There were significant differences in the estimated MEF for enteric fermentation of Hanwoo steers among the T2, T2DMI, and JT3 methods. JT3 estimated the highest values in all periods possibly due to overestimation of the conversion ratio of feed energy to CH 4 . No significant difference was found in the overall MEF of Hanwoo steers between T2 and T2DMI. However, T2DMI estimated 8% higher and 14% lower MEF than T2 for the growing and finishing period, respectively, mainly because the IPCC Tier 2 model significantly overpredicts the GE intake of Hanwoo steers at the high level of intake. The IPCC Tier 2 methodology is preferred to IPCC Tier 1 in estimating the MEF for enteric fermentation of Hanwoo steers, and the DMI model for Japanese cattle can be used to predict DMI of Hanwoo steers. In order to reduce the uncertainty of the estimates and search for a better mitigation strategy, however, development of a country-specific methodology and PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1285v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |

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Animal Nutrition. Fourth Edition

Cited by 89 publications

References 0 publications

Differential Effects of Dietary Lipids on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Fatty Acid Composition and Histology of African Catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) Fingerlings

Differential Effects of Dietary Lipids on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Fatty Acid Composition and Histology of African Catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) Fingerlings

Deuterium oxide dilution accurately predicts water intake in sheep and goats

Estimation of methane emission factor for enteric fermentation of growing-finishing Hanwoo steers using the IPCC Tier 2 approach

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