“…Recently, magnetic nanoparticles, especially magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), have gained great amount of attention for potential uses in many applications, such as enzyme and protein immobilization [20], ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) purification [21,22], and metal pre-concentration [23] and separation [24]. The suitability of MNPs for these task is attributed to their large surface area-to-volume ratio [25], good magnetic responsiveness [26], and ease in surface modification [27][28][29]. However, MNPs without surface stabilization tend to agglomerate when dispersed in liquid media due to inter-particle attractive forces, e.g., dipole-dipole interaction and magnetic force.…”