Annonaine an Alkaloid from the Leaves of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa): A Comprehensive Review on its Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Activities

Abstract

Annona squamosa is most widely distributed in tropical and subtropical region native to tropical America comes under the Annonaceae family. It is a widely used tree having edible fruits called as custard apple which is eatable. Annona squamosa plant also contains 35-42 mg/100 g of vitamin C and significant value of nutrient like thiamine, amino acid, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, potassium and dietary fibers. It also contains the phytoconstituents like diterpenes, alkaloids, cyclopeptides and annonaceous acetogenins proved by phytochemistry investigations. The plant Annona squamosa show a number of pharmacological activities like insecticidal, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimalarial, analgesic and wound healing activity. The vermicidal effect of leaves is responsible for the treatment of tumors, wounds and other skin infections. A number of alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of plant. Most of them belong to aporphine group of alkaloids. Among all the phytoconstituents an alkaloid Annonaine, plays a vital role for its biological activity. The present review represents the phytochemical constituents, biological action, traditional as well as medicinal uses of Annona squamosa. Sugar apple might be the better explored plant part used in treatment of many disorders and the present critical study will hopefully provide a disease free and healthy life to the human society.

GC-MS Profiling, Antimicrobial Activity of Annona squamosa: An In-silico and In vitro Approach

“…40 Dash et al proposed in the literature that the secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, etc., present in the plants are responsible for showing beneficial effects including antimicrobial properties. 5 Terpenes are the chief essential components of the plant extract that showed good antimicrobial activity. 41 Yamunadevi et al suggested that tannins, and steroids are responsible to have antidiarrheal activity.…”

“…4 Annona squamosa Linn is a shrub that belongs to the family Annonaceae. 5 It is a perennial tree with thin, oblong-lanceolate, alternate leaves. It is abundantly native to tropical America, the Caribbean, and Indomalaya.…”

“…It is abundantly native to tropical America, the Caribbean, and Indomalaya. 5 The fruits, leaves, bark, and root possess a wide variety of medicinal and nutritional value as it contains vitamin C, amino acid, thiamine, riboflavin, potassium, calcium, and dietary fibers. 5 A. squamosa exhibits several biological activities like hypoglycemic, 6 antimicrobial, 7 anticancer, 8 analgesic, 9 and antioxidant.…”

“…11 The phytoconstituents like aporphine and annonaine alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides were identified from the leaves and bark exhibited many biological activities. 5 The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic leaf extract of A. squamosa was performed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative species like B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli, using the agar disc diffusion method. 12 However, the anti-microbial effect of n-hexane extract from the leaves of the plant is not performed yet.…”