Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Melothria maderaspatana and Coccinia indica were evaluated in STZ induced diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were concurrently treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg b.w. p.o. for 14 days. The changes in fasting blood glucose level and body weight were measured in 5 days interval. After 14 days experimental period, rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation, blood and liver samples were collected. Biochemical estimation of plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, SGOT, SGPT and ALP were done from blood sample. The liver glycogen content was estimated using standard procedure from homogenized liver sample. Administration of EEMm or EECi to STZ-diabetic rats caused significant antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects (p < 0.001). The extracts were also found to be significantly effective (p < 0.001; p < 0.05) on recovery of altered biochemical parameters and decreased body weight in treated animals. Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) was used as standard in present study.

A series of novel 3,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione derivatives (1e, 2e, 3e, 4e, and 5e) have been synthesized from different substituted aromatic acids. The structure determination of these compounds have been made on the basis of IR, 1 H NMR, and Elemental analysis. The effect of all the compounds on tumor growth inhibition was evaluated by studying the parameters-tumor volume, percentage of the tumor cell count (viable and nonviable), hematological values, and the mean survival status of the treated animals on eight groups of Swiss albino mice. Compounds were given at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and all exhibited the significant (P \ 0.001) anticancer activity compared to control. 5-Fluorouracil was used as a standard drug (20 mg/kg body weight i.p.) in the study. All the compounds demonstrated a prominent anticancer activity. The study supported the derivatives of oxadiazoles for the development as potent anticancer molecules.

Annona squamosa is most widely distributed in tropical and subtropical region native to tropical America comes under the Annonaceae family. It is a widely used tree having edible fruits called as custard apple which is eatable. Annona squamosa plant also contains 35-42 mg/100 g of vitamin C and significant value of nutrient like thiamine, amino acid, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, potassium and dietary fibers. It also contains the phytoconstituents like diterpenes, alkaloids, cyclopeptides and annonaceous acetogenins proved by phytochemistry investigations. The plant Annona squamosa show a number of pharmacological activities like insecticidal, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimalarial, analgesic and wound healing activity. The vermicidal effect of leaves is responsible for the treatment of tumors, wounds and other skin infections. A number of alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of plant. Most of them belong to aporphine group of alkaloids. Among all the phytoconstituents an alkaloid Annonaine, plays a vital role for its biological activity. The present review represents the phytochemical constituents, biological action, traditional as well as medicinal uses of Annona squamosa. Sugar apple might be the better explored plant part used in treatment of many disorders and the present critical study will hopefully provide a disease free and healthy life to the human society.

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a bioactive constituent and natural triterpenoid with a pentacyclic structure. OA possesses beneficial effects against diabetes and other metabolic disorder by undergoing a more complex and multifactorial pathway. It activates the insulin response, protects the capability and existence of pancreatic β-cells and also gives protection against diabetic difficulties. The molecular mechanism of antidiabetic activities of OA involve modulation of transduction mechanisms includes oxidative stress-induced hepatic insulin resistance, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase, protective effect on mitochondrial function, regulates NF-kappa B, suppresses polyol mechanism, formation of advanced glycation end products, activation of M3 muscarinic receptors, and activation of G proteincoupled bile acid receptor.. Thus, the utilization of effective drug or food material carrying OA might be an effective way to control diabetes. Till now, limited clinical studies have been performed to explore the use of OA in the management of diabetes mellitus. However, due to their potential therapeutic activities, OA deserves special attention. In this present review article, we have summarized the antidiabetic potential of OA reported mainly from the period of 2015-2020 with a notable emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. We have searched Google Scholar, medical databases, and websites using related keywords like OA, insulin, diabetes mellitus, herbal medicine, or a combination of them. To qualify for inclusion, the herbal plants should have tremendous antidiabetic activities, established with biomarkers with limited adverse effects.