Annotation: Day and Night Wetting in Children—A Paediatric and Child Psychiatric Perspective

Child behavior problems: Prevalence and correlates in rural minority areas of China

“…Nocturnal bed‐wetting was considered a maturational phenomenon, not a pathological phenomenon of enuresis, unless the child was older than 4 years. In the present study, 5.6% of children aged over 5 years exhibited bed‐wetting, a prevalence markedly lower than that reported in western countries 14,44,46–48 . This finding may have a number of explanations.…”

“…First, toilet training commenced early and more than 98.1% of children shared the same bed or same bedroom with parents, providing them an opportunity to commence toilet training or wake the child to go to the toilet, which has been demonstrated to have an effect on the age of attaining nocturnal bladder control 49 . The fact that alarm‐treatment is the most effective treatment method 48 also favors earlier commencement of toilet training. Second, due to family planning in China fewer numbers of children (average number was 1.8 in the present sample) let parents pay more attention to or concern more their children.…”

Investigating the three systems approach to complex childhood nocturnal enuresisMedical treatment interventions

“…The interesting omission from this set of indicators was "urgency", which has theoretically often been assumed to be an indicator of bladder dysfunction. It is possible that urgency has been used to describe both the experience of a sudden sense of needing to void (which may be an indicator of bladder overactivity) and the feeling arising from avoiding or postponing urination, which is associated more with behavioural issues concerning voiding (33). Future assessment protocols should emphasize the experiential difference between the two types of bladder sensation.…”

Enuresis and daytime wetting as a biopsychosocial problem: a review

“…von Gontard concludes that the prevalence of child psychiatric disorders in enuretics is two-to four-times higher than the normal epidemiological figures [24]. Generally, children with secondary nocturnal enuresis have the highest rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders (75%), while in monosymptomatic enuresis, psychopathology is similar to that found in the general population (10%) [5].…”

“…The most psychologically vulnerable enuretic children include those of an older age (over 10 years of age) [45], those who are more neurologically vulnerable [46] and those with secondary wetting [24] or with an associated daytime wetting. Butler have been suggested that "the public nature of the associated daytime wetting is a particularly troublesome dilemma being inevitably exposed to a greater risk of social humiliation, tormenting peers and perhaps increasingly intolerant parents" [6].…”