Annual average abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus in surface ocean waters

Li, W. K. W.

doi:10.4319/lo.1998.43.7.1746

Cited by 208 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…However, salps process much higher fluid volumes than crustaceans, due to the considerably larger cross-sections of their feeding currents. (23), bacteria (24,25), Prochlorococcus (26), Synechococcus (25), nanoplankton (24,27), and microplankton (24,27). Line is regression of microphytoplankton concentration vs. cell diameter, log 10 C = −0.91 log 10 (d P 3 π/6) + 3.5; C (particles·mL −1 ), d P (μm) (28).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates

Sutherland

Madin

Stocker

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

143

135

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Salps are common in oceanic waters and have higher per-individual filtration rates than any other zooplankton filter feeder. Although salps are centimeters in length, feeding via particle capture occurs on a fine, mucous mesh (fiber diameter d ∼0.1 μm) at low velocity (U = 1.6 ± 0.6 cm·s −1 , mean ± SD) and is thus a low Reynoldsnumber (Re ∼10 −3 ) process. In contrast to the current view that particle encounter is dictated by simple sieving of particles larger than the mesh spacing, a low-Re mathematical model of encounter rates by the salp feeding apparatus for realistic oceanic particle-size distributions shows that submicron particles, due to their higher abundances, are encountered at higher rates (particles per time) than larger particles. Data from feeding experiments with 0.5-, 1-, and 3-μm diameter polystyrene spheres corroborate these findings. Although particles larger than 1 μm (e.g., flagellates, small diatoms) represent a larger carbon pool, smaller particles in the 0.1-to 1-μm range (e.g., bacteria, Prochlorococcus) may be more quickly digestible because they present more surface area, and we find that particles smaller than the mesh size (1.4 μm) can fully satisfy salp energetic needs. Furthermore, by packaging submicrometer particles into rapidly sinking fecal pellets, pelagic tunicates can substantially change particle-size spectra and increase downward fluxes in the ocean.biofiltration | low Reynolds number | salps | colloids | carbon cycle F ilter feeding is a common strategy among marine plankton for collecting small food particles from a suspension. Pelagic tunicates in the class Thaliacea, order Salpida, have the highest perindividual filtration rates of all marine zooplankton filter feeders (1). Weight-specific clearance rates (70-4,153 mL·mg C −1 ·h −1 ) (2) are higher than most copepod and krill species. Salps filter feed by rhythmically pumping water into the oral siphon, through the pharyngeal chamber, and out the atrial siphon (Fig. 1A). This pumping action, generated by circular muscle bands, also creates a propulsive jet for locomotion. Food particles entering the pharyngeal chamber are strained through a mucous net that is continuously secreted and rolled into a food strand that moves posteriorly toward the esophagus. The bag-like net is secreted by the endostyle and fills much of the pharyngeal chamber (Fig. 1A). This feeding mechanism results in ingestion of any particles that enter the atrial siphon and adhere to the filtering mesh.After digestion, particles are packaged into dense fecal pellets, which often contain undigested or partially digested plankton (3, 4). These pellets remain intact for days (4) and have sinking speeds (200-3,646 m·d −1 ) (5, 6) that are higher than most copepod or krill pellets (3). Furthermore, diurnal vertical migration by some species may accelerate vertical export (7,8). The combination of high filtration rates, small mesh size, and rapid pellet sinking implies that salps have the potential to shift particle distributions toward larger sizes, con...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates

Sutherland

Madin

Stocker

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

143

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In the North Atlantic Ocean (40ºN, 23ºW) during spring, Veldhuis et al (2001) also reported that cell viabilities of Synechococcus ranged from 75 to 90%, using the SYTOX Green membrane permeability assay. It is known that temperature is the dominant factor controlling the growth and loss of Synechococcus in colder waters (Li, 1998). Moreover, Agustí and Sánchez (2002) In contrast to Synechococcus spp., the cell viabilities of eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton (<10 µm in size) were relatively low (from 26 to 41%) at all stations in September 2003 (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in cell viabilities of phytoplankton between spring and late summer in the northwest Pacific Ocean

Hayakawa¹,

Suzuki²,

Saito³

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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“…Seasonal and monthly patterns of variation have been observed using molecular methods at multiple aquatic time-series sites, which suggest that environmental change elicits a biological response; many, but not all, have also shown recurrence (Acinas et al, 1997;Li, 1998;Morris et al, 2005;Fuhrman et al, 2006;Alonso Sáez et al, 2007;Kan et al, 2007;Treusch et al, 2009;Campbell et al, 2011;Eiler et al, 2011;Gilbert et al, 2012;Robidart et al, 2012). For example, seasonality in Synechococcus ecotypes was observed in the Southern California Bight, primarily for clades I and IV (Tai and Palenik, 2009), and in the Chesapeake Bay (Cai et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variability and coherence of euphotic zone bacterial communities over a decade in the Southern California Bight

et al. 2013

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Time-series are critical to understanding long-term natural variability in the oceans. Bacterial communities in the euphotic zone were investigated for over a decade at the San Pedro Ocean Time-series station (SPOT) off southern California. Community composition was assessed by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) and coupled with measurements of oceanographic parameters for the surface ocean (0-5 m) and deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM, average depth B30 m). SAR11 and cyanobacterial ecotypes comprised typically more than one-third of the measured community; diversity within both was temporally variable, although a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were consistently more abundant. Persistent OTUs, mostly Alphaproteobacteria (SAR11 clade), Actinobacteria and Flavobacteria, tended to be abundant, in contrast to many rarer yet intermittent and ephemeral OTUs. Association networks revealed potential niches for key OTUs from SAR11, cyanobacteria, SAR86 and other common clades on the basis of robust correlations. Resilience was evident by the average communities drifting only slightly as years passed. Average Bray-Curtis similarity between any pair of dates was B40%, with a slight decrease over the decade and obvious near-surface seasonality; communities 8-10 years apart were slightly more different than those 1-4 years apart with the highest rate of change at 0-5 m between communities o4 years apart. The surface exhibited more pronounced seasonality than the DCM. Inter-depth Bray-Curtis similarities repeatedly decreased as the water column stratified each summer. Environmental factors were better predictors of shifts in community composition than months or elapsed time alone; yet, the best predictor was community composition at the other depth (that is, 0-5 m versus DCM).

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Annual average abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus in surface ocean waters

Cited by 208 publications

References 64 publications

Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates

Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates

Differences in cell viabilities of phytoplankton between spring and late summer in the northwest Pacific Ocean

Temporal variability and coherence of euphotic zone bacterial communities over a decade in the Southern California Bight

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