Anodic Electrocatalytic Coatings for Electrolytic Chlorine Production: A Review

Chen, Ruiyong; Trieu, Vinh; Schley, Bernd; Natter, Harald; Kintrup, Jürgen; Bulan, Andreas; Weber, Rainer; Hempelmann, Rolf

doi:10.1524/zpch.2013.0338

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Two different current densities (200 and 50 A m À2 ) were selected from more positive and negative values with respect to the limiting current density (79.43 A m À2 ) of electrochemical organics mineralization (300 mg L À1 IC) calculated in the present study as a function of COD (eq. (15) in ref. [7]), and two flow rates: 1 (Re 60) and 5 L min À1 (Re 2801) were applied in the reactor.…”

Section: Degradation Tests In Electrochemical Reactor Chemical Analymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to improve the properties and durability of this electro-catalyst, valve metal oxides (i.e. TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , SnO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 ) stabilize the Ru IV cations within the crystal lattice of the oxide [15]. This condition improves the specific capacitance [16], increases the electro-catalytic activity [17], and decreases the dosage of catalyst in the anode [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The abatement of indigo carmine using active chlorine electrogenerated on ternary Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2 anodes in a filter-press FM01-LC reactor

Palma‐Goyes

Vazquez‐Arenas

Torres-Palma

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Section: Degradation Tests In Electrochemical Reactor Chemical Analymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The abatement of indigo carmine using active chlorine electrogenerated on ternary Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2 anodes in a filter-press FM01-LC reactor

Palma‐Goyes

Vazquez‐Arenas

Torres-Palma

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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“…Dies ist besonders auch bei ähnlichen Prozessen wie der Chlorentwicklung interessant. [251,253,254] 4.1.4. Übergangsmetallmischoxide Genau wie Pt im Falle der ORR mit Übergangsmetallen legiert wird, werden oft verschiedene Mischoxide anstatt reinem RuO 2 oder IrO 2 als Katalysatoren für die ORR genutzt.…”

Section: Bedeutung Des Hohlraumanteils In Nanostrukturiertenunclassified

“…Die richtige Wahl der Synthesetemperatur ist zusätzlich wichtig, um auf der Oberfläche die Zersetzung des metastabilen Mischkristalls in einzelne Oxide zu vermeiden und die Bildung einer isolierenden Schicht zwischen dem Träger und der katalytischen Schicht zu verhindern. [253] Um Mischoxide in Form von Mischkristallen herzustellen, ist es natürlich wichtig, dass die Parameter der Kristallgitter nach den Regeln von Hume-Rothery übereinstimmen. [268] Weiterhin kçnnen, falls der Anteil der edlen Komponente verringert werden soll, Grenzen durch Perkolation auftreten.…”

Section: üBergangsmetallmischoxideunclassified

Die Elektrochemie des Sauerstoffs als Meilenstein für eine nachhaltige Energieumwandlung

et al. 2013

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Elektrochemie wird eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Einführung von nachhaltigen Lösungen zur Energieversorgung spielen, besonders im Bereich der Umwandlung und Speicherung von elektrischer in chemische Energie in Elektrolysezellen sowie bei der Rückumwandlung und Verwendung der gespeicherten Energie in galvanischen Zellen. Die gemeinsame Herausforderung für beide Prozesse ist die Entwicklung von – bevorzugt leicht verfügbaren – nanostrukturierten Materialien, die diese elektrochemischen Reaktionen mit einem hohen Umsatz und über einen genügend langen Zeitraum katalysieren können. Für die gezielte Entwicklung von Materialien, die diese Voraussetzungen erfüllen, ist es notwendig, die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse und Mechanismen, die unter realen Bedingungen auftreten, vollständig zu verstehen. Eine vielversprechende Strategie, um dieses Verständnis zu erreichen, besteht in der Untersuchung des Einflusses der Materialeigenschaften auf die Aktivität oder Selektivität der Reaktion und die Stabilität unter Anwendungsbedingungen sowie in der Verwendung von komplementären In‐situ‐Techniken zur Untersuchung der Katalysatorstruktur und ‐zusammensetung.

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“…The operating voltage can be extended to 2.5 and 3Vby using 20 and 30 m [BMIm]Cl/H 2 Oe lectrolyte, respectively.W ith the addition of a pseudocapacitive nitroxyl radicalc omponent to the electrolytes, the charge storage capability can be further enhanced. [40,41] Alternative ionic liquids with lowc ost and low toxicityw ill be tested in the future. It is considered that the rate capability can be enhanced by selecting compatible electrode materials with higher surface area and suitable porosity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Voltage and Low‐Temperature Aqueous Supercapacitor Enabled by “Water‐in‐Imidazolium Chloride” Electrolytes

2018

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Symmetric aqueoush igh voltage supercapacitors up to 3V have been demonstrated using concentrated aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIm]Cl), namely," water-inimidazolium chloride", as working electrolytes, andg raphene nanoplatelets-coated carbon paper as electrodes. Performance enhancement was furthera chieved either through adding redox speciess uch as 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1oxyl (4hT) into the electrolytes (110 Wh kg À1 for a2 0m [BMIm]Cl/H 2 Ow ith 0.1 m 4hT) or by pre-inserting ClO 4 À anions into the graphene platelets. Moreover,t he newly studied aqueous electrolytes allow low-temperature operation at À20 8C and even at À32 8C, retaining competitive energy storage capability (maximum energy densities of 36 and 21 Wh kg À1 ,r espectively).With ultrafastc harge-discharge rates through building up electricald ouble layers on porous electrodes with at ypical timescale of seconds, supercapacitors can generally realize high power densities of about 10 kW kg À1 and energy densities of about 5Whkg À1 . [1,2] They exhibit excellent cyclingr eversibility,w ithoutc ausingi nherent structural changes in electrodes and electrolytes. Thus,s upercapacitors are promising for rapid response in peak shavinga nd grid stabilization. [3,4] To facilitate their practical application,i ssues of low energy density,s afety, and high cost need to be solved. Besides the selection and optimization of electrode materials towards high availablesurface areas and porosities, [5][6][7][8][9][10] great efforts have been made to tailor the electrolyte formulation including the selection of types of solvents and electrolyte ions. [11][12][13] The amount of stored energy in supercapacitors can be increased by increasing the ion-accessible surfacea rea of the electrode materials. Another way to increase the energy density of supercapacitors is to increase the operating potential range of the system, as energy density is proportionaltot he square of the voltage.Organics olvents and room-temperature ionic liquidsa re commonlyu sed as workingm edia for high operating-voltage (> 2V)s upercapacitors. [14] However,t hey typically have poor ion conductivities, from about af ew mS cm À1 for ionic liquids to tens of mS cm À1 for conventionalo rganic electrolytes at room temperature. [15] By adding molecular solvents, such as water or acetonitrile, into ionic liquids, [16][17][18] the viscosity can be greatly reduced and the ion conductivity can be accordingly enhanced with as acrifice in the electrochemical stability window of the electrolytes. Water as an atural alternative to the flammable organic solvents or highly viscous room-temperaturei onic liquidsi si deal for use as aw orking medium for electrochemical devices with the merits of intrinsic safety and fast transport for ionic species. Aqueouse lectrolytes for supercapacitors couldenabletheir assembly and operation under atmosphericc onditions. However,i th as been al ongstanding challenge that water has an arrow electrochemical stability window (a sum of the thermo...

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Anodic Electrocatalytic Coatings for Electrolytic Chlorine Production: A Review

Cited by 52 publications

References 50 publications

The abatement of indigo carmine using active chlorine electrogenerated on ternary Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2 anodes in a filter-press FM01-LC reactor

The abatement of indigo carmine using active chlorine electrogenerated on ternary Sb2O5-doped Ti/RuO2-ZrO2 anodes in a filter-press FM01-LC reactor

Die Elektrochemie des Sauerstoffs als Meilenstein für eine nachhaltige Energieumwandlung

High‐Voltage and Low‐Temperature Aqueous Supercapacitor Enabled by “Water‐in‐Imidazolium Chloride” Electrolytes

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