Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary Valve

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pulmonary Valve Anomalies in Pediatric Patients

“…Quadricuspid pulmonary valve is another rare congenital heart disease that can cause pulmonary stenosis. Only 4% of quadricuspid pulmonary valves result in a clinically significant pathology; among these, 33% result in stenosis and 67% cause regurgitation . Quadricuspid pulmonary valves usually do not cause severe clinical complications, and their presence frequently remains clinically silent in childhood .…”

“…According to our experience in children, most cases can be displayed in the short‐axis view of the pulmonary valve, from which pulmonary leaflet number abnormalities and morphologic malformations can be distinguished. A cross‐sectional image of the pulmonary valve can be obtained by visualizing the short axis of the aortic valve and rotating the transducer clockwise 10° to 20° . In most children, bicuspid and quadricuspid pulmonary valve anomalies and congenital single pulmonary cusp absence can be discriminated from echocardiographic views.…”