Anosmia and COVID-19: perspectives on its association and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved

Júnior, Paulo Roberto da Silva; Gomes, André Luis Oliveira Ramos; Coelho, Lucas Eugênio Araújo; Morais, Mariana Almeida; Almeida, Pedro Vinícius Furtado Carneiro de; Neri, W.; Mascena, Guilherme Veras; Leal, Adriana Amorim de Farias

doi:10.1186/s41983-020-00266-0

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“… 48 ACE-2 receptors are highly expressed in the nasal cavity and olfactory bulb, and this can be the potential pathway for olfactory dysfunction as SARS-CoV-2 has a greater affinity toward the ACE-2 receptor. 49 Olfactory dysfunction can be a prognostic marker for the prediction of severity of disease as persistent olfactory dysfunction at 20 days is associated with disease severity. 50 Olfactory dysfunctions are often reported together with gustatory dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Vitalakumar

Sharma

Kumar

et al. 2021

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Common symptoms such as dizziness, headache, olfactory dysfunction, nausea, vomiting, etc. in COVID-19 patients have indicated the involvement of the nervous system. However, the exact association of the nervous system with COVID-19 infection is still unclear. Thus, we have conducted a meta-analysis of clinical studies associated with neurological problems in COVID-19 patients. We have searched for electronic databases with MeSH terms, and the studies for analysis were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and quality assessment. The Stats Direct (version 3) was used for the analysis. The pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval of various neurological manifestations reported in the COVID-19 patients was found to be headache 14.6% (12.2–17.2), fatigue 33.6% (29.5–37.8), olfactory dysfunction 26.4% (21.8–31.3), gustatory dysfunction 27.2% (22.3–32.3), vomiting 6.7% (5.5–8.0), nausea 9.8% (8.1–11.7), dizziness 6.7% (4.7–9.1), myalgia 21.4% (18.8–24.1), seizure 4.05% (2.5–5.8), cerebrovascular diseases 9.9% (6.8–13.4), sleep disorders 14.9% (1.9–36.8), altered mental status 17.1% (12.3–22.5), neuralgia 2.4% (0.8–4.7), arthralgia 19.9% (15.3–25.0), encephalopathy 23.5% (14.3–34.1), encephalitis 0.6% (0.2–1.3), malaise 38.3% (24.7–52.9), confusion 14.2% (6.9–23.5), movement disorders 5.2% (1.7–10.4), and Guillain–Barre syndrome 6.9% (2.3–13.7). However, the heterogeneity among studies was found to be high. Various neurological manifestations related to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are associated with COVID-19 patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Vitalakumar

Sharma

Kumar

et al. 2021

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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“…In one of the first studies from China 10 , anosmia was mentioned to affect only about 5.1% of COVID-19 patients. Another study from France reported 47% patients with confirmed COVID-19 had anosmia 11 . The pathophysiological mechanism underlying the occurrence of anosmia is still not wellunderstood, but two explanations have been proposed 12 .…”

Section: Table-v Distribution Of Factors Associated With In Hospital Outcome Of Study Population (N=769)mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…SARS-CoV-2 not only involves lung, but may also affect the cardiovascular system [4][5][6] , gastrointestinal system 7,8 , central nervous system [9][10][11] , renal system 12 and skin 13 . The SARS-CoV-2 protein characteristic spike binds to its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is widely expressed in many cell types and organs like lung alveolar cells, nasal epithelium, cerebral cortex, digestive tract, kidney, gallbladder, testis, and adrenal gland 11 . The majority of patients with COVID-19 infection are thought to be paucisymptomatic and do not require hospitalization 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease 2019: One Year Experience at Tertiary Care Cardiac Hospital

et al. 2021

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Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a significant challenge particularly for low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Interventions such as home isolation, frequent hand washing, wearing face mask, maintaining social distancing are difficult to implement in densely populated areas. The aim of the study was to delineate demographics, clinical manifestations, treatment modalities and outcomes of COVID-19 affected patients of our hospital. Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute of Bangladesh between 08 March 2020 to 07 March 2021. During this period all admitted patients who subsequently were diagnosed as COVID positive and health care personnel of this hospital, who experienced fever or respiratory symptoms or came in close contact with COVID-19 patients at home or their workplace & become COVID positive were included. Results: During this one-year period a total of 769 COVID positive patients were detected in our hospital. Mean age of the patients was 48.16 ±15.63 years (range 1-92 years). Two third were male (64.9% vs 35.1%) and had multiple co-morbidities. One fifth of the patients were (19%) asymptomatic. The mean duration of onset of symptoms to test was 3.72±3.7 days. Most common symptoms were fever (65.3%), cough (37.1%), shortness of breath (33.6%) and fatigue (27.8%). Other symptoms were bodyache (18.6%), headache (16.6%), anosmia 16%), sore throat (12.1%), diarrhoea (6.8%), dizziness (5.3%), generalized itching (3.8%). Nearly two third of the COVID positive patients (63.2%) had a diagnosed cardiovascular disease at onset and remaining 36.8% patients presented with only COVID-19 disease. About 75% patients received ivermectin, 5.1% patients received favipiravir and 4.4% patients received remdesivir. Three fourth (74.38%) of patients were hospitalized and remaining one fourth (25.62%) patients were treated either in home isolation or in institutional isolation. Most of the patients recovered, with a case fatality rate of 3.5%. Diabetes, hypertension and age ≥50 years were the independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: Although most of the patients had good outcome the study revealed 3.5% case fatality. Male with multiple co-morbidities were predominantly affected by COVID 19. Fever, cough, shortness of breath and fatigue were common presenting symptoms. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2021; 36(2): 89-97

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“…Patients with anosmia sometimes do not realize that they are sick. A meta-analysis article by Purja et al (2021) said that patients with anosmia had a low chance of being hospitalized. In the study of Klopfenstein et al Of the 114 COVID-19 patients, 54 (47%) patients experienced anosmia.…”

Section: Anosmia Associated With Lower Hospital Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anosmia as a clinical predictor to non-fatal COVID-19 case and better survivability

Weisnawa

Susilawathi

Purnamasidhi

et al. 2022

RSD

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Recently, a respiratory infectious disease labeled as COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 had taken over the world by storm. This RNA virus can cause various symptoms such as malaise, anosmia, ageusia, fever, cough, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and ARDS. COVID-19 patients have specific symptoms such as fever. In another study, it was said that anosmia could be a benchmark for screening for COVID-19. in a study of young patients and was more common in women. The average onset of anosmia occurs on day 4 after infection and lasts for 8 days. the evidence says that this disease can cause a decrease in a person's quality of life. The exact cause of anosmia is still unknown, but several theories suggest that anosmia can occur due to damage to nerve receptors, inflammation of olfactory epithelial cells, and dysfunction of nerve receptors. The popular theory is that anosmia occurs due to inflammation of the olfactory epithelial cells, thereby damaging the olfactory receptors. The inflammation blocks odors from reaching the nasal mucosa and can inhibit receptor excitability and signal transduction. Anosmia may be associated with lower hospital mortality rates. However, further research and discovery is needed to fully grasp the pathophysiological concept of COVID-19 induced anosmia. This review will discuss the pathophysiology and review the lower anosmia mortality rate. This article reviews current understandings about the pathophysiology of anosmia and its potential as a marker towards better clinical prognosis. This narrative review aims to provide knowledge about updates regarding the pathophysiology of anosmia as a clinical predictor of mild and severe COVID-19 symptoms.

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Anosmia and COVID-19: perspectives on its association and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Coronavirus Disease 2019: One Year Experience at Tertiary Care Cardiac Hospital

Anosmia as a clinical predictor to non-fatal COVID-19 case and better survivability

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