Ansatz zu einer physiologischen Theorie des Vergleichs und der Zeitfehler

The Relation of Assimilation Tendencies in Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Time-Error to Cognitive Attitudes of Leveling and Sharpening1

“…In the visual TE experiment of the present study the dim interpolated field (Condition I) resulted in a mean TE for all 5"( AT = 43) of -1 84, Condition II resulted in a mean TE of -f 97 These results confirm those of Holzman and Klem (3) and Lauenstem (9), that TE IS a function of the prevailing interpolated field illumination, an interpolated field less bright than the compared stimuli resulting in negative TE and a bright interpolated field resulting in positive TE Tables I and II show that these results obtain for TE in audition and kinesthesis as well The experimental design permitted arrangement of the results of the three TE experiments m a double classification analysis of variance The basic score was the TE for each 5" under each condition Do the size and direction of TE significantly depend upon the variation of intensity of interpolated field' Table III variance between conditions to be significantly larger than the interaction variance of pooled 5"^ x conditions, at better than the 001 level This indicates that the interpolated field has a highly reliable effect on TE. Tables IV and V show that this result is obtained with equal significance for auditory and kinesthetic TE The direction of the effect is that predicted by Lauenstein and holds for both levelers and sharpeners Where the mterpolated field is less intense than the compared stimuh, TEs are negative, with a more intense field TEs become positive in all modalities A complication m Lauenstein's explanation arises when we inspect Table II As has been reported in other TE studies (e g, 10), …”

“…The findings show the following 1 For vision, audition, and kinesthesis an interpolated stimulus more intense than standard and companson results in positive TE An interpolated stimulus less intense than standard and comparison produces negative TE The closer the mtensity of the interpolated stimuli to the comparison series, the greater the amount of assimilation These results accord with Lauenstein's predictions (9) and Holzman and Klein's findings in visual TE (3) 2 Levelers showed significantly greater TE assimilation effects in three modalities than sharpeners 3 There was a positive tendency for the same subject to respond with the same degree of assimilation in \isual, auditory and kinesthetic TE The finding of cross-modal generality is consistent with the theory that cognitive attitudes are general dispositions of personalities guiding response in a wide variety of behavioral situations…”

“…In the visual TE experiment of the present study the dim interpolated field (Condition I) resulted in a mean TE for all 5"( AT = 43) of -1 84, Condition II resulted in a mean TE of -f 97 These results confirm those of Holzman and Klem (3) and Lauenstem (9), that TE IS a function of the prevailing interpolated field illumination, an interpolated field less bright than the compared stimuli resulting in negative TE and a bright interpolated field resulting in positive TE Tables I and II show that these results obtain for TE in audition and kinesthesis as well The experimental design permitted arrangement of the results of the three TE experiments m a double classification analysis of variance The basic score was the TE for each 5" under each condition Do the size and direction of TE significantly depend upon the variation of intensity of interpolated field' Table III variance between conditions to be significantly larger than the interaction variance of pooled 5"^ x conditions, at better than the 001 level This indicates that the interpolated field has a highly reliable effect on TE. Tables IV and V show that this result is obtained with equal significance for auditory and kinesthetic TE The direction of the effect is that predicted by Lauenstein and holds for both levelers and sharpeners Where the mterpolated field is less intense than the compared stimuh, TEs are negative, with a more intense field TEs become positive in all modalities A complication m Lauenstein's explanation arises when we inspect Table II As has been reported in other TE studies (e g, 10), Condition III (no interpolated weight) results m less negative TE than Condition I (light interpolated weight) Holzman and Klem (3) found a similar effect in their visual TE study where greater negative TE occurred with the dim interpolated field than when the interpolated field was completely dark Such findings, it has been argued (10), seem to be inconsistent with Lauenstein's hypothesis, since a completely dark ground, being the logical extreme of dimness, should result in a greater assimilation effect than a dim ground Holzman and Klem (3) noted that Lauenstem assumed that assimilation effects would be stronger, the closer the "structural relationship" of the traces of the interpolated field and comparison senes (9, p 156) The less intense field used m (3) stood closer to the stimulus series than either the dark or bright fields and it produced the greatest displacement of judgment from the midpoint of the senes.…”

Factors producing and factors not producing time errors: An experiment with loudness comparisons

“…If, as has traditionally been the case, the standard is presented before the variable, the TE measure in physical units is equivalent to that of any constant error (CE): CE = PSE -~s' (1) Numerous investigations have provided evidence that the TE is dependent upon several stimulus factors, particularly the length of the interstimulus interval (lSI) and the level of stimulus magnitude. Most often, TEs have been found to be negative for high levels of stimulus intensity and positive (or less nega ti ve) for low levels (e. g., Bartlett, 1939;Lauenstein, 1933;Needham, 1935;Woodrow, 1933). Several theoretical explanations have been suggested for the TE and its dependence on various conditions (for reviews see, e.g., Guilford, 1954, chap.…”

The Analysis of Conditions Behind the Timeerror in the Successive Comparison of Visual Length

“…The means of the individual timeerrors by means of the values of D% (7), which appear at each time-interval and at each of the five extensive levels, are shown in Table 1. The intrapairinterval variance at each extensive level was significant (Table 2).…”