Anterior Cruciate Ligament Forces in Alpine Skiing

Read, Lynda

doi:10.1123/jab.9.4.260

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, previous research and opinion targeting quadriceps functional features and ACL-injuries has been controversial, as Färber et al (2018) pointed out. Instead, hamstrings strength capacity may be of importance for many typical injury situations (e.g., jump landings or backward falls) (Read and Herzog, 1992; Herzog and Read, 1993; Gerritsen et al, 1996; DeMorat et al, 2004; Koyanagi et al, 2006; Semadeni and Schmitt, 2009; Bere et al, 2011, 2014; Yeow et al, 2011; Heinrich et al, 2018). In fact, if hamstrings are pre-activated fast and high enough (Färber et al, 2018), tibial anterior translation relative to the femur might be reduced, consequently diminishing the risk of ACL-injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal Eccentric Hamstrings Strength in Competitive Alpine Skiers: Cross-Sectional Observations From Youth to Elite Level

et al. 2019

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Competitive alpine skiers are subject to substantial risks of injury, especially concerning the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). During “landing back weighted” episodes, hamstrings may partially counteract the anterior shear force acting on the tibia by eccentrically resisting the boot-induced drawer of the tibia relative to the femur. The aim of the present study was to provide novel descriptive data and sport-specific reference values on maximal eccentric hamstrings strength (MEHS) in competitive alpine skiers from youth to elite level, and to explore potential relationships with sex, age and biological maturation. 170 competitive alpine skiers were investigated: 139 youth athletes (51 females, 88 males; age: 13.8 ± 0.59 years) and 31 elite athletes (19 females, 12 males; age: 21.7 ± 2.8 years). MEHS was assessed by the (Vald Performance, Newstead, Australia). U15 female skiers presented lower MEHS compared to female elite skiers for both limbs ( R = 210 ± 44 N vs. 340 ± 48 N, respectively, p < 0.001, and L = 207 ± 46 N vs. 303 ± 35 N, respectively, p < 0.001). Similarly, lower MEHS was observed in U15 male skiers compared to male elite skiers for both limbs ( R = 259 ± 51 N vs. 486 ± 62 N, respectively, p < 0.001, and L = 258 ± 57 N vs. 427 ± 54 N, respectively, p < 0.001). Correlations between MEHS and chronological age were modestly significant only for the U15 group ( r = 0.37 and p < 0.001). When the correlations for the U15 group were performed between MHES and maturity offset (obtained from the calculation of biological age, i.e., age at peak height velocity), statistical significance was reached by all the correlations run for 3 variables (Males < 0: r = 0.59, p < 0.0001; Males > 0: r = 0.70, p < 0.0001; and Females > 0: r = 0.46, p < 0.0001, start of maturity offset = 0). This cross-sectional description of MEHS in alpine skiers from youth to elite level highlights the importance of biological maturation for MEHS values in youth athletes and presents novel data that may offer insights into new approaches for injury prevention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal Eccentric Hamstrings Strength in Competitive Alpine Skiers: Cross-Sectional Observations From Youth to Elite Level

et al. 2019

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“…ACL strain was greatest at 0° of knee flexion and in forced hyperflexion in combination with tibial internal rotation torque 32. With regard to the amount of ACL strain during alpine skiing, the knee flexion angle appears to be of particular importance 43,44. Specifically, at deeper angles of knee flexion, the knee joint geometry and lines of action for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles lend toward decreased anterior shear forces and less ACL strain 33,43,44.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…With regard to the amount of ACL strain during alpine skiing, the knee flexion angle appears to be of particular importance 43,44. Specifically, at deeper angles of knee flexion, the knee joint geometry and lines of action for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles lend toward decreased anterior shear forces and less ACL strain 33,43,44. Landing back weighted following a jump may not per se be sufficient to load the ACL 43,44.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior cruciate ligament injury/reinjury in alpine ski racing: a narrative review

Jordan¹,

Aagaard²

2017

OAJSM

Self Cite

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The purpose of the present review was to: 1) provide an overview of the current understanding on the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and prevention methods for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in alpine ski racing; and 2) provide an overview of what is known pertaining to ACL reinjury and return to sport after ACL injury in alpine ski racing. Given that most of the scientific studies on ACL injuries in alpine ski racing have been descriptive, and that very few studies contributed higher level scientific evidence, a nonsystematic narrative review was employed. Three scholarly databases were searched for articles on ACL injury or knee injury in alpine ski racing. Studies were classified according to their relevance in relation to epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and return to sport/reinjury prevention. Alpine ski racers (skiers) were found to be at high risk for knee injuries, and ACL tears were the most frequent diagnosis. Three primary ACL injury mechanism were identified that involved tibial internal rotation and anteriorly directed shear forces from ski equipment and the environment. While trunk muscle strength imbalance and genetics were found to be predictive of ACL injuries in development-level skiers, there was limited scientific data on ACL injury risk factors among elite skiers. Based on expert opinion, research on injury risk factors should focus on equipment design, course settings/speed, and athlete factors (eg, fitness). While skiers seem to make a successful recovery following ACL injury, there may be persistent neuromuscular deficits. Future research efforts should be directed toward prospective studies on ACL injury/reinjury prevention in both male and female skiers and toward the effects of knee injury on long-term health outcomes, such as the early development of osteoarthritis. International collaborations may be necessary to generate sufficient statistical power for ACL injury/reinjury prevention research in alpine ski racing.

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“…For this study, forces and moments at the knee joint were calculated using the local coordinate system of the tibia as it was common in other studies with x-direction anteroposterior, y-direction vertical and z-direction medio-lateral. [24][25][26] The modified boot in this study was considered having no constraints to the ankle joint, whereas the normal boot did restrict the movement. The calculated ankle stiffness values for both conditions have been included in the ''Anybody model'' as an angledependent resisting moment at the ankle joint.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A biomechanical field testing approach in snow sports: Case studies toward a detailed analysis of joint loading

Kurpiers

McAlpine²,

Kersting

2020

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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In this study, kinematic and kinetic measurements were combined to assess the effects of removing the stiff shaft from a ski boot. It was hypothesized that joint flexion at the ankle, knee and hip increase and reduce joint loading specifically at the knee. A previously developed force sensor was combined with a high-speed camera system for data collection of 6 degrees of freedom ground reaction forces and three-dimensional marker data in the field on a wave slope. The collected data were used as input to a musculoskeletal model for the estimation of joint kinematics and joint moments and contact forces in the ankle and knee. The force sensor, which was previously used for skiing, had experienced wear and tear and was thus prone to breakage. As a result, joint loading could only be analyzed for two skiers. These two skiers did not use the added range of ankle flexion to its full extent, but showed substantial reductions in joint moments and joint contact forces (e.g. knee compression force from 85 to 57 N/kg). Only one of the five experienced skiers tested was able to adopt the anticipated movement pattern by substantially increased maximum ankle joint flexion angle (from 10° to 37°) and knee joint flexion angle (from 93° to 105°) and the respective ranges of motion when skiing through a wave course. The study provides information on possible individual adaptations to ski boot modifications. The mechanical construction of the force sensor will need to be modified to withstand the high forces expected during freestyle skiing. The study also supports the future use of this measurement setup for comprehensive studies in snow sports, provided that a sufficient training period is given.

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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Forces in Alpine Skiing

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Maximal Eccentric Hamstrings Strength in Competitive Alpine Skiers: Cross-Sectional Observations From Youth to Elite Level

Maximal Eccentric Hamstrings Strength in Competitive Alpine Skiers: Cross-Sectional Observations From Youth to Elite Level

Anterior cruciate ligament injury/reinjury in alpine ski racing: a narrative review

A biomechanical field testing approach in snow sports: Case studies toward a detailed analysis of joint loading

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