Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Degradation Mechanisms in Solanaceous Vegetables: A Review

Abstract

Anthocyanins are a group of polyphenolic pigments that are ubiquitously found in the plant kingdom. In plants, anthocyanins play a role not only in reproduction, by attracting pollinators and seed dispersers, but also in protection against various abiotic and biotic stresses. There is accumulating evidence that anthocyanins have health-promoting properties, which makes anthocyanin metabolism an interesting target for breeders and researchers. In this review, the state of the art knowledge concerning anthocyanins in the Solanaceous vegetables, i.e., pepper, tomato, eggplant, and potato, is discussed, including biochemistry and biological function of anthocyanins, as well as their genetic and environmental regulation. Anthocyanin accumulation is determined by the balance between biosynthesis and degradation. Although the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been well-studied in Solanaceous vegetables, more research is needed on the inhibition of biosynthesis and, in particular, the anthocyanin degradation mechanisms if we want to control anthocyanin content of Solanaceous vegetables. In addition, anthocyanin metabolism is distinctly affected by environmental conditions, but the molecular regulation of these effects is poorly understood. Existing knowledge is summarized and current gaps in our understanding are highlighted and discussed, to create opportunities for the development of anthocyanin-rich crops through breeding and environmental management.

Proximal Sensing of Soil Electrical Conductivity Provides a Link to Soil-Plant Water Relationships and Supports the Identification of Plant Water Status Zones in Vineyards

“…The biosynthesis of these compounds are responsive to plant water status, where moderate water stress usually resulted in upregulation in flavonoid biosynthesis (Castellarin et al, 2007a). Managed water stress can contribute to a higher ratio of trihydroxylated over di-hydroxylated flavonoids due to the upregulation of flavonoid 3 5 -hydroxylases (F3 5 H) (Castellarin et al, 2007b), which would enhance the compound stability against degradation (Liu et al, 2018). However, the higher concentration of flavonoids observed under water stress may be due to berry dehydration rather than alteration of flavonoid biosynthesis (Hardie and Doyle, 2012).…”

Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoids Metabolites in Peel and Flesh of Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties

“…Significant different metabolites in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were reported in purple fig mutation compared to the green control [23]. The interaction of the primary and secondary metabolites profiles combined with proteomics elucidated the accumulation of phenolic substances and other major compounds related to flavonoids accumulation during seed development in cacao [25].Over the past decade, studies related to red-fleshed apple were mainly focused on the structural and regulatory genes which play important roles in anthocyanins biosynthesis [26][27][28][29]. Little attention was paid to the identification and classification of metabolites of red-fleshed apple.…”

“…Over the past decade, studies related to red-fleshed apple were mainly focused on the structural and regulatory genes which play important roles in anthocyanins biosynthesis [26][27][28][29]. Little attention was paid to the identification and classification of metabolites of red-fleshed apple.…”

RdDM pathway is required forTobamovirus-induced symptomatology production

“…Anthocyanins are polyphenolic compounds that are induced during senescence under stress and that participate in many processes, including the defense against different pathogens,(Liu et al ., 2018; Landi et al ., 2015). Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites produced by the plant against different pathogens and, like anthocyanins, are produced under different stresses (Mazid et al ., 2011).…”