Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. I. Identity of the Pigments and General Factors.

Straus, Jacob

doi:10.1104/pp.34.5.536

Cited by 53 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The major anthocyanin pigment of Spirodlela is a pelargonidin derivative (3) while that of the endosperml is a cyanidlin derivative (7). Although the difference betw-een pelargonidlin and cyanidin is only one hydlroxyl group on the B-ring, it has been reasonably well established that separate genes control the biosynthesis of 4'-hydroxylated aglycones (which include pelargonidlin derivatives), and of 3', 4'-hydroxylated aglycones (which include cyanidin derivatives) (2,4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method of preparing the explants, general culture conditions, and determinations of weight and pigment concentration have been described previously (7). The culture medium used in the present study has been modified from that used in the previous investigation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous paper (7), the advantages of corn endosperm tissue cultures as an experimental tool in attacking the problem of anthocyanin synthesis were pointed out. The general culture conditions, the identity of the pigments, and the requirement for light were reported in the same paper.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. II. Effect of Certain Inhibitory and Stimulatory Agents

Straus

1960

Plant Physiol.

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In a previous paper (7), the advantages of corn endosperm tissue cultures as an experimental tool in attacking the problem of anthocyanin synthesis were pointed out. The general culture conditions, the identity of the pigments, and the requirement for light were reported in the same paper.Thimann and Radner (11,12) have shown that anthocyanin synthesis in Spirodela is inhibited by -purine and pyrimidine antagonists, by certain sulfurcontaining compounds and certain amino acids. They also demonstrated (13) that riboflavine reverses the inhibition caused by many of these substances, and further that riboflavine substitutes for the light reaction involved in anthocyanin production by Spirodela.When work on the current problem was begun, it was expected that the effect of various chemicals on anthocyanin synthesis in both the endosperm cultures and Spirodela would prove to be similar. As this report will indicate, however, data obtained so far show that pigment synthesis in the two systems is affected differently by certain of the same compounds tested. MATERIALS AND METHODSTissue cultures derived from endosperm of the corn variety, Black Mexican Sweet, were used in this study. The method of preparing the explants, general culture conditions, and determinations of weight and pigment concentration have been described previously (7). The culture medium used in the present study has been modified from that used in the previous investigation. Tissues were analyzed 25 days after transfer to the experimental media.Originally the medium contained 0.5 % Seitzfiltered yeast extract. In some of the experiments described here, the yeast extract was omitted and in its stead 0.2 % casein hydrolyzate (acid-hydrolyzed, vitamin-free) adjusted to pH 6.6 with KOH was substituted. In other experiments, asparagine at a concentration of 1.5 x 10-2 M was substituted for the yeast extract.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. II. Effect of Certain Inhibitory and Stimulatory Agents

Straus

1960

Plant Physiol.

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“…The first report of a successful, continuous culture of maize endosperm appeared in 1949 (16). Several more reports on endosperm cultures followed some ofwhich have been shown to produce anthocyanin (7,25) and starch (2). Production of storage proteins in such cultures has not been investigated.…”

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Expression of Zein in Long Term Endosperm Cultures of Maize

Shimamoto¹,

Ackermann²,

Dierks-Ventling³

1983

Plant Physiol.

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Continuous cultures, established 10 days after pollination from endosperms of inbred A636 Zea mays (L.) were extracted 21 months later with aqueous ethanol. The solubilized proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Two protein bands co-migrated with zein, the major storage protein of maize. Immunoblotting of the gel followed by incubation of the immobilized proteins with anti-zein IgG provided evidence that the polypeptides were in fact zein. Electron microscopic studies showed that the cultures contained cells with protein bodies as found in developing endosperms. The protein bodies could be isolated from the cultures and were shown to contain zein. We conclude that the long term cultures described here synthesize zein and deposit it in the form of protein bodies of the type found in developing endosperms. Thus, certain endosperm characteristics and the production of tissue-specific proteins are retained in prolonged culture.Tissue cultures which express tissue-specific proteins are highly desirable for studying the regulatory mechanisms leading to the differential expression of these proteins. In higher plants such culture systems have, to our knowledge, not been described, mainly because few plant proteins have been studied for their tissue specificity. Among the better known ones are storage proteins of seeds accumulating in developing endosperms of cereal grains (14) or in cotyledons of legumes (17). Attempts to establish long term cultures of cereal endosperms have been described (9). The first report of a successful, continuous culture of maize endosperm appeared in 1949 (16). Several more reports on endosperm cultures followed some ofwhich have been shown to produce anthocyanin (7, 25) and starch (2). Production of storage proteins in such cultures has not been investigated. Zein, which constitutes more than 50% of the seed storage proteins in maize, is synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes and deposited in the form ofprotein bodies (1, 1 1). Immunohistochemical studies have shown that zein is specifically localized in the endosperm (5). Because of its tissue specifity and the rapidly expanding knowledge of its biochemistry and molecular biology (8,13,14,20) Initiation and Maintenance of Endosperm Cultures. After carefully removing all husks and silks, ears were surface-sterilized in 0.01% mercuric chloride for 20 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled H20. The tops of the 10-d-old kernels were cut off with a scalpel, and the endosperms were scooped out with forceps carefully avoiding the embryo. Isolated endosperms were immediately placed on 6-cm-diameter plastic Petri dishes containing 10 ml agar medium and the dishes were sealed with Parafilm. Strauss medium (26) modified according to Shannon and Batey (23) to contain 2 g/l L-asparagine and 2 g/l yeast extracts (Merck, Munich, F.R.G.) was used. All the cultures were grown in the dark at 25°C and subcultured every 3 to 4 weeks.Electron Microscopy. Two mm3 sections of each culture were pr...

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“…Efforts examining different media, endosperm isolation time (days after pollination), growth conditions, and genotypes of maize culminated in a successful methodology to continuously culture cells with some degree of endosperm traits (LaRue 1949;Straus 1954Straus , 1959Straus , 1960. Maize is an example of an economically important cereal which has had a depth of endosperm research and provides a good model of nuclear endosperm function.…”

Section: Maize Endosperm In Vitro Cultures That Retain Some Degree Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endosperm

2007

Plant Cell Monographs

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Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. I. Identity of the Pigments and General Factors.

Abstract: Until recently few physiological studies have been made which bear directly on the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. However, a great deal of work has been done on the chemistry and genetics of these pigments. Much of the earlier literature has been summarized by Onslow (7)

Cited by 53 publications

References 14 publications

Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. II. Effect of Certain Inhibitory and Stimulatory Agents

Anthocyanin Synthesis in Corn Endosperm Tissue Cultures. II. Effect of Certain Inhibitory and Stimulatory Agents

Expression of Zein in Long Term Endosperm Cultures of Maize

Endosperm

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