Anthrax in cattle, wildlife and humans in Zambia

Tuchili, L. M.; Pandey, GS; Sinyangwe, PG; Kaji, Tomohiro

doi:10.1136/vr.132.19.487-a

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Anthrax is hyper-endemic in Zambia. Although outbreaks of this disease have occasionally been reported from different parts of the country [20-22], the number of anthrax cases has increased to alarming levels in recent years [17]. Central to the persistence of anthrax in soil is the ability of Bacillus ( B. )…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…anthracis to form highly resistant spores that survive in the environment for a long time [2,5]. In Zambia, previous studies have shown that clostridia infections [11] and anthrax outbreaks [17] are higher in the Western Province and Luangwa valley [20,21] than the rest of the country. Elsewhere, disease persistence and recurrence of anthrax outbreaks have been linked to various ecological factors such as cycles of heavy rainfall followed by periods of dry weather [3,4], the presence of calcareous soils [8,13], high evaporation potential of flood water [3], and ambient temperatures above 15.5℃ [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of seasonal variation on anthrax epidemiology in the upper Zambezi floodplain of western Zambia

Munang’andu

Banda²,

Siamudaala

et al. 2012

J Vet Sci

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Anthrax has become endemic throughout the upper Zambezi floodplain located in the Western Province of Zambia over the recent years. To date, no comprehensive study has been carried out to determine whether recurrence of anthrax outbreaks may be linked to differences in precipitation and human activities. Retrospective data for the period 1999 to 2007 showed that a total of 1,216 bovine cases of anthrax were reported. During the same period, 1,790 human anthrax cases and a corresponding case fatality rate of 4.63% (83/1,790) was documented in the upper Zambezi floodplain. Occurrence of human cases was highly correlated with cattle outbreaks (r = 0.94, p < 0.001). Differences in precipitation were significantly associated with the occurrence of anthrax outbreaks (χ2 = 4.75, p < 0.03), indicating that the likelihood of outbreaks occurring was higher during the dry months when human occupancy of the floodplain was greater compared to the flooding months when people and livestock moved out of this region. Human dependency on the floodplain was shown to significantly influence the epidemiology of anthrax in the upper Zambezi floodplain of western Zambia. Methods for mitigating anthrax outbreaks by disrupting the cycle of transmission are herein highlighted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of seasonal variation on anthrax epidemiology in the upper Zambezi floodplain of western Zambia

Munang’andu

Banda²,

Siamudaala

et al. 2012

J Vet Sci

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“…Outbreaks of anthrax have been reported in many countries such as Nigeria (Okolo, 1985), Zambia (Tuchili et al, 1993), France (Patra et al, 1998), and Australia (Turner et al, 1999). Evidence of the presence of anthrax among cattle and sheep in Turkey has been described by many investigators, such as Şahin and Aydın (1999), who bacteriologically examined 164 samples from animals suspected of anthrax between 1993 and 1998 and reported 132 anthrax-positive animals (80% positivity rate) in Kars district.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of anthrax in Kars district, Turkey.

Otlu

Şahin

Genç

2002

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of anthrax by bacteriologic methods in cattle and sheep between January 2000 and September 2001 and to determine the distribution of this zoonotic disease in humans in Kars district, Turkey. Bacillus anthracis was isolated and identified in 34 out of 38 (91%) cattle and 11 out of 17 (64%) sheep samples obtained from organs suspected of anthrax. The records of the Governmental Health Branch showed that 89 cases of cutaneous anthrax were diagnosed in humans during the study periods in the same district.

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“…The disease occurs worldwide, and outbreaks and epidemics of the disease in both humans and animals have been reported in Zambia (2, 3). In August 2011, an anthrax outbreak occurred among Hippopotamus amphibius hippopotamuses in the Chama district of the eastern province of Zambia (4).…”

Section: Genome Announcementmentioning

confidence: 99%