Anthropometric Analysis of the Face

Zacharopoulos, Georgios V.; Manios, Andreas; Kau, Chung How; Velagrakis, George; Tzanakakis, George N.; Bree, Eelco de

doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000002231

Cited by 47 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…The nose is a very significant part of the face and has its own characteristics. The men's noses were longer and wider, which has been observed before [18]. In our study we confirmed the nose lengthening and extension with age, consistent with published data [29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Effect of aging and body characteristics on facial sexual dimorphism in the Caucasian Population

2020

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The aim of this study was to quantify gender-specific facial characteristics in younger and older adults and to determine how aging and body characteristics, such as height and bodymass index (BMI), influence facial sexual dimorphism. Methods The cohort study included 90 younger adults of Caucasian origin (average age of 45 females 23.2 ± 1.9 and 45 males 23.7 ± 2.4 years) and 90 older adults (average age of 49 females 78.1 ± 8.1 and 41 males 74.5 ± 7.7 years). Three-dimensional facial scans were performed with an Artec MHT 3D scanner. The data were analyzed using the software package Rapidform ®. The parameters to evaluate facial symmetry, height, width, profile, facial shape, nose, eyes and mouth characteristics were determined based on 39 facial landmarks. Student's t-test was used to calculate the statistical differences between the genders in the younger and older adults and a multiple-linear-regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of gender, age, body-mass index and body height. Results We found that the female faces were more symmetrical than the male faces, and this was statistically significant in the older adults. The female facial shape was more rounded and their faces were smaller, after normalizing for body size. The males had wider mouths, longer upper lips, larger noses and more prominent lower foreheads. Surprisingly, we found that all the gender-dependent characteristics were even more pronounced in the older adults. Increased facial asymmetry, decreased facial convexity, increased forehead angle, narrower vermilions and longer inter-eye distances occurred in both genders during aging. An increased BMI was associated with wider faces, more concave facial profiles and wider noses, while greater body height correlated with increased facial heights and wider mouths.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The faces were wider for the men than the women, as has been described before [18]. Differences in the facial widths between the genders were greater in the older adults, independent of the BMI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Effect of aging and body characteristics on facial sexual dimorphism in the Caucasian Population

2020

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“…Historically, the field of anthropometry, which aims to characterize the physical size, form, and function of humans, has used the top-down approach of naturalistic observation to identify up to 31 different dimensions of face variation, including jaw width, forehead height, and interpupillary distance (see, e.g., Zacharopoulos et al 2016). Over the past three decades, rapid technical developments in face measurement have advanced from laser scanning (e.g., Arridge et al 1985, Hill et al 1997, Vetter & Troje 1997) to high-resolution digital camera capturing (e.g., Hammond & Suttie 2012) combined with specialized face-reconstruction algorithms (e.g., Blanz & Vetter 1999) to accurately render 3D face morphologies for scientific use [e.g., illumination (e.g., Braje et al 1998), viewpoint dependence (e.g., Hill et al 1995, Johnston et al 2013, and identity (e.g., Leopold et al 2001, Troje & Bülthoff 1996] and computer animation.…”

Section: The Human Face Is a Complex High-dimensional Dynamic Informmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Social Psychophysics of Face Communication

Jack

Schyns

2017

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

159

148

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As a highly social species, humans are equipped with a powerful tool for social communication-the face. Although seemingly simple, the human face can elicit multiple social perceptions due to the rich variations of its movements, morphology, and complexion. Consequently, identifying precisely what face information elicits different social perceptions is a complex empirical challenge that has largely remained beyond the reach of traditional methods. In the past decade, the emerging field of social psychophysics has developed new methods to address this challenge, with the potential to transfer psychophysical laws of social perception to the digital economy via avatars and social robots. At this exciting juncture, it is timely to review these new methodological developments. In this article, we introduce and review the foundational methodological developments of social psychophysics, present work done in the past decade that has advanced understanding of the face as a tool for social communication, and discuss the major challenges that lie ahead.

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“…Most female individuals can be classified as leptoprosopic (36.8%) whereas male individuals are mesoprosopic (29.74%) when the overall FI mean is estimated (5). The difference in FI between men and women is also evident in other populations, and this index is usually lower in women than in men (2,16,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoanthropometry of the Face in the Young White Brazilian Population

Gonzales

Machado²,

Crosato

2018

Braz. Dent. J.

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The aim of the present study is to describe the simplified facial pattern of young Brazilian men and women using the facial index (FI), upper face index (UFI), and nasal index (NI) in indirect anthropometric measurements applied to frontal photographic images. The images were obtained from 660 adult white men and 689 adult white women aged 30 years ± 6 months, and classified according to regions of birth, as follows: south (S), southeast (SE), midwest (MW), northeast (NE), and north (N). The nasion, zygion, gnathion, stomion, subnasale, and alare landmarks were labeled on the images using the SAFF 2D® software. Based on the coordinates, the linear distances between the landmarks of interest were calculated and presented as indices. The analysis of variance and Student’s t-test were used for assessing the regions of birth and gender, respectively. The collected data allowed obtaining the facial profile of the young adult Brazilian population. There were differences in the facial profiles between men and women and also between some regions, especially between the N and the other Brazilian regions (p<0.05). The UFI did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between genders for any of the regions. The discriminant analysis for gender assessment demonstrated higher accuracy when the three indices were analyzed together. In the decision tree for gender assessment, the NI showed better results than the other indices.

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Anthropometric Analysis of the Face

Cited by 47 publications

References 10 publications

Effect of aging and body characteristics on facial sexual dimorphism in the Caucasian Population

Effect of aging and body characteristics on facial sexual dimorphism in the Caucasian Population

Toward a Social Psychophysics of Face Communication

Photoanthropometry of the Face in the Young White Brazilian Population

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