Anthropometric Parameters in Celiac Disease: A Review on the Different Evaluation Methods and Disease Effects

Abstract

This review compiled anthropometric data from 29 original articles, published between 1995 and 2015, corresponding to a total sample of 6368 celiac disease subjects. Body mass index was the main parameter for measuring anthropometry (82.1%), followed by body mass (78.6%), body fat (51.7%), bone mineral density and bone mineral content (46.4%), and fat-free mass (44.8%). The main evaluation method was dual x-ray absorptiometry (83.3%), followed by bioimpedance (16.6%), skinfold thickness (16.6%), and isotope dilution (5.5%). This compilation suggests that celiac disease patients without a gluten-free diet (WGFD) and celiac disease patients with a gluten-free diet (GFD) show a lower body mass than the control group, with inconclusive data about WGFD versus GFD. Body mass index is lower in WGFD and GFD compared to control group, and is lower in WGFD compared to GFD. We observed lower values of FM and FFM in WGFD and GFD versus the control group. No difference was found between WGFD versus GFD. BMD and BMC are lower in WGFD versus GFD and GFD versus the control group, with inconclusive data about WGFD versus GFD. The findings of this review suggest that celiac disease patients must be periodically evaluated through anthropometric parameters, since the pathology has the potential to modulate such values even in a gluten-free diet, with these variables reflecting their healthy status. In parallel, the screening of different anthropometric assessment methodologies can provide support for more accurate evaluations by scientists and clinical professionals who work with celiac disease patients.

Evaluation of malnutrition status and clinical indications in children with celiac disease: a cross-sectional study

“…The results of the current study showed that approximately 20–30% of the children with CD were malnourished in terms of low body weight and low BMI for age. Intestinal mucosal damage in CD leads to non-optimal weight gain and malnutrition due to malabsorption of such nutrients as glucose, fatty acids, calcium, iron, vitamins, and electrolytes [ 32 , 33 ]. In addition, due to impaired nutrients absorption in patients with CD, carbohydrates oxidize more to provide energy [ 33 ].…”

“…Intestinal mucosal damage in CD leads to non-optimal weight gain and malnutrition due to malabsorption of such nutrients as glucose, fatty acids, calcium, iron, vitamins, and electrolytes [ 32 , 33 ]. In addition, due to impaired nutrients absorption in patients with CD, carbohydrates oxidize more to provide energy [ 33 ]. Bardella et al maintained that weight, BMI, lean mass, and fat mass were significantly lower in patients with CD compared to the controls [ 34 ].…”

It Is High Time for Personalized Dietary Counseling in Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Body Composition

“…Since only narrative reviews are available [ 45 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], to our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis in the literature that assessed the changes of body composition among CD patients with and without a GFD compared to non-celiac control subjects. Nevertheless, the extensive search and the stringent selection process are the main strengths of this study.…”

Physical development in children with celiac disease in St. Petersburg

“…Ряд исследователей отмечет, что дефицит массы тела встречается на фоне БГД чаще, реже отмечают ожирение, в других исследованиях нормальный ИМТ более характерен, другие не получили статически значимых отличий в группах. Allysson Costa и Gleisson A. P. Brito с обзоре антропометрических данных из 29 оригинальных исследований, опубликованных в период с 1995 по 2015 год показали, что дети с целиакией на БГД имеют более низкие показатели массы тела, чем группа сравнения [6].…”

“…После установления диагноза, динамическая оценка антропометрических данных, как основных показателей здоровья детей с целиакией необходима при каждом визите специалиста на весь период наблюдения [2,5]. Показано, что даже при соблюдении БГД могут наблюдаться нарушения физического развития [6]. Множество исследований сообщало о дефиците микронутриентов, связанном с БГД, при этом подчеркивается, что дети, независимо от того, соблюдают ли они БГД или нет, подвержены риску повышенного потребления жиров и недостаточного количества клетчатки, железа, витамина D и кальция [7].…”