Anthropometry and Body Composition in Children

Broeck, Jan Van den; Wit, Jan-Maarten

doi:10.1159/000191265

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…22 In most of the studies, skinfolds to measure percentage fat were used, 9,18 -20 and these are not appropriate for the obese population. 23,24 The type of fat intake was investigated in only one of the studies and it was determined that percentage body fat correlated positively with intakes of unsaturated fat and thus was not only limited to saturated fats. 18 Thus this current study was undertaken with the dietary history method to analyze diet, a validated activity questionnaire to measure activity patterns, bioelectrical impedance to assess body fat and a healthy weight control group to help determine if juvenile obesity was more correlated with dietary fat, particularly saturated fat, than with total dietary energy (controlling for activity patterns).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity

et al. 2002

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of juvenile obesity to dietary fat, particularly saturated fat, and with dietary energy (controlling for activity patterns). DESIGN: Cross-sectional, evaluation of diet and activity patterns of obese and non-obese children and adolescents. SUBJECTS: A total of 181 children, aged 4 -16 y. Subjects were divided into two groups: obese (body mass index, BMI, > 95th percentile for age and sex), 40 males and 51 females; and non-obese (BMI < 75th percentile for age and sex), 35 males and 55 females. MEASUREMENTS: Dietary intake was analyzed with a dietary history interview; activity patterns were analyzed with an activity interview and body fat was measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS: The obese subjects consumed significantly more total calories, total fat in grams and saturated fatty acids (SFA) in grams than did the non-obese subjects. Based on step-wise multiple regression, the total energy consumed, not total fat or SFA, had the strongest relationship to the subject's percentage body fat, controlling for activity levels. CONCLUSION: We suggest that, although obese children and adolescents consume more dietary energy and fat than nonobese children and adolescents, there is a stronger relationship between total energy consumed and juvenile adiposity than with dietary fat or type of dietary fat consumed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity

et al. 2002

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“…This method poses issues of compliance and performance, especially for pediatric populations. DXA is a method that measures fat mass reliably and has been suggested for use as a reference method (5). It has been shown to be highly accurate and reproducible (6), but requires radiation exposure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Estimation of Body Fatness by Air Displacement Plethysmography in African American and White Children

et al. 2001

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The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to estimate body fatness in prepubertal and early pubertal African American and white children. One hundred nineteen nonoverweight and overweight boys (N ϭ 56) and girls (N ϭ 63), age (mean Ϯ SD) 9.8 Ϯ 1.7 y, body mass index 25.9 Ϯ 7.6 kg/m 2 (range, 14.2-47.0 kg/m 2 ), and mean percent body fat (%BF) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) 39.2 Ϯ 11.7% (range, 12.2-57.5%), were studied. %BF by ADP was compared with DXA %BF estimates and with body fat by several field methods: skinfold thicknesses using the Slaughter et al. equations (Hum Biol 60: 709 -723, 1988), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using the Houtkooper et al. equation (J Appl Physiol 72: 366 -373, 1992), and a predictive equation using skinfold thicknesses, BIA, and weight (Goran et al.: Am J Clin Nutr 63: 299 -305, 1996). All methods used to estimate %BF were significantly correlated with DXA (all p Ͻ 0.0001), with r 2 ranging from 0.85 (skinfold measurements) to 0.95 (ADP). ADP using the Siri equation underestimated %BF by Ϫ1.9% (p Ͻ 0.001); the Bland-Altman limits of agreement (defined as Ϯ2 SD) were Ϯ7.4%. %BF by ADP-Siri underestimated %BF by DXA by 3.0% for girls (p Ͻ 0.001) and by 0.6% for boys (NS). Agreement between body fat estimation by ADP and DXA did not vary with age, race, or pubertal stage. Application of the age-adjusted Lohman model to ADP significantly increased the magnitude of the underestimation to Ϫ6.9% (p Ͻ 0.0001). Prediction of %BF by the Slaughter skinfold thickness equation showed no significant mean bias for the overall data, but significantly underestimated %BF in girls (Ϫ3.7%) while overestimating %BF in boys (ϩ2.4%) with wide limits of agreement (Ϯ17.7%, p Ͻ 0.01 versus ADP). %BF by the Houtkooper BIA equation or Goran model underestimated %BF to a significantly greater degree than ADP (Houtkooper, Ϫ8.1%; Goran, Ϫ10.1%; both p Ͻ 0.0001 versus DXA or ADP). Determination of %BF from ADP using the Siri model slightly underestimates %BF as determined by DXA in girls, but appears to be superior to existing field methods both in accuracy and limits of agreement. Because of the ease with which it can be performed, ADP may prove useful for investigations of adiposity in children. Excessive body weight has become increasingly common among children in the United States (1). The prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents has almost doubled during the past two decades, and is now approximately 14% of young children and 12% of adolescents (2, 3).Accurate assessment of body composition, particularly body fatness, is a key component for both research about and clinical treatment of childhood obesity. Assessing body fatness and changes in body adiposity while children are growing can be difficult, because of the confounding effects of growth on lean and fat mass. Several different methods for estimation of body fat mass have been developed that depend on measurements of total body water, total body potassium, x-ray ab...

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“…Secondly, they are correlated with height and thus do not give valid measures of tall children and those that reach early maturity. 7,9 In contrast, the MI is based on expected changes in height and weight. Although most healthy children grow along their expected growth curves, 7 if a child deviates from his or her curve, the MI will give an inaccurate value and will not be a true re¯ection of the amount of fat lost or gained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, UWW and BIA lack practicality in the clinical setting because of the cost, equipment, lack of portability and technical expertise that is required. 7 Several studies have shown that skinfolds are not appropriate for assessing the body fat of the obese, 8,9 and the formulae used have not been validated in obese subjects. 10 UWW is often considered the gold standard for adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 UWW is often considered the gold standard for adults. 11 Studies to validate body composition methods in growing children are limited 9 and particularly with obese subjects, 12 but much of the past pediatric research has been based on UWW, and most body assessment techniques have been validated against this procedure. 13 Neither UWW nor BIA are readily available in most clinical settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validating a practical approach to determine weight control in obese children and adolescents

2000

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OBJECTIVE: To study the usefulness of a mathematical index for assessing changes in body composition of obese children and adolescents who undergo a weight control program. DESIGN: A short-term longitudinal (mean of 19 months) cohort study. SUBJECTS: Sixty-seven obese children and adolescents (38 M, 29 F, age 6 ± 16 (mean 11) y) who took part in a clinicbased weight control program. MEASUREMENTS: Percentage body fat was assessed at the start of the program by underwater weighing (UWW) and by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Response to the program was assessed by a mathematical index (MI), based on observed and expected changes in height and weight, and by changes in percentage fat as measured by BIA. RESULTS: Adiposity, as assessed by BIA at the start of the program, was highly correlated to that obtained by UWW (r 0.96 for fat-free mass). Changes in the MI over the program were correlated fairly well (r 7 0.81, SEE 3.57 kg) with changes in percentage fat as assessed by BIA. CONCLUSION: Using change in BIA as criterion, the MI is valid for assessing changes in percentage body fat of obese children and adolescents over time. This index is of use to clinicians who lack body composition equipment and need a quick method to analyze the effectiveness of a weight control program in obese children and adolescents.

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Anthropometry and Body Composition in Children

Cited by 17 publications

References 55 publications

Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity

Relationship between juvenile obesity, dietary energy and fat intake and physical activity

Estimation of Body Fatness by Air Displacement Plethysmography in African American and White Children

Validating a practical approach to determine weight control in obese children and adolescents

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