Anti-adenovirus activity, antioxidant potential, and phenolic content of dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum extract in HEp2 cell line

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro anti-adenovirus property, antioxidant potential, and total phenolic content of dried flowers buds of Syzygium aromaticum crude extract. The crud extract was prepared and its anti-adenovirus activity was investigated on HEp2 cell line using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used to determine antioxidant activity, total phenol content, flavonoids and flavonols content of the extract, respectively. Based on results, the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of the extract were 97.66±11.4 and 4.73±1.6 µg/ml, respectively, with the selectivity index (SI) of 20.64. The crud extract inhibited adenovirus replication in post-adsorption step (p<0.05). The extract showed remarkable scavenging activity with IC 50 values of 10.05±1.93 μg/ml. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol content of the crude extract was 255.8±3.95 mg GAE/g, 63.9±2.35 mg RUT/g and 62±2.35 mg RUT/g, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that S. aromaticum crude extract exhibited anti-adenovirus activity with inhibitory effect on adenovirus replication could be considered as a potential anti-adenovirus agents.

Antiviral Potential of Melissa officinalis L.: A Literature Review

“…The most important combination that has been shown to have antiviral and antibacterial is Phenolic which in the results of this study proved that Melissa officinalis have a high level of these compounds. 80 Inhibition of viral replication Allahverdiyev et al, 21 Mazzanti et al 62 Inhibition of protein synthesis for replication and reduced viral infectivity in cells with melissa volatile oils (sitral and sitronellal)…”

“…Therefore, it is important to find an effective medicine. Moradi et al 80 showed that the extract of Melissa officinalis works after the penetration of adenovirus into the cell and leaves its effect. Figure 2 summarizes the antiviral effects of Melissa officinalis…”

“…Ribavirin and Cidofovir are 2 anti-virus remedies that are used for therapy of adenovirus infections but are not very effective and until now no particular antiviral therapies accepted against this virus although a lot of studies manifested that ingredients isolated from medicinal herbs had effectual antiviral acting for instance the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis that its activity was assessed on HEp2 cell lines using MTT experiment. Moradi et al 80 demonstrated that the extract of Melissa officinalis does not forbid the entrance of adenovirus into the Hep-2 cells but it acts following the influence of the virus into the cell. Hydroalcoholic extracts of Melissa officinalis are effective against intracellular HSV type2 though not similar to these results, Astani et al reported that aqueous extracts of Melissa officinalis and the corresponding compounds phenolic caffeic acid, p -coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid remarkably inhibited the infectivity of Acyclovir- resistant HSV-1 only at initial steps of virus replication.…”

“…The most important combination that has been shown to have antiviral and antibacterial is Phenolic which in the results of this study proved that Melissa officinalis have a high level of these compounds. 80 Table 1 summarizes the antiviral effects of Melissa officinalis…”

Phytochemical Studies, Anti-Oxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Properties of Four Medicinal Plants

“…The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated using a tweaked version of the method developed by Moradi et al 11 . A hydroethanolic solution of DPPH (3.4mg/100 mL) was added to a 50 L aliquot of the sample solutions to determine their concentrations (25-400 g/mL).…”