Anti-climacterium effects of pomegranate concentrated solutions in ovariectomized ddY mice

Abstract

Abstract. In the present study, the complex anti-climacterium potential of standardized pomegranate concentrated solution (PCS) was investigated using bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) female ddY mice. Changes in body weight and gain during experimental periods, food consumption, serum estradiol levels, total body and abdominal fat densities, abdominal fat pads, and uterus weights were observed, along with the histopathology of abdominal fat pads and uterus for anti-obesity and estrogenic effects. In addition, liver weights, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and histopathological inspections were performed to explore the hepato-protective effects. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein, and triglyceride (TG) levels were monitored for hypolipidemic effects with total body and femur mean bone mineral density (BMD), right femur wet, dry and ash weights, strength, serum osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP) contents, and histological and histomorphometrical analyses for anti-osteoporosis activity. As a result of OVX, notable increases in body weight and gains, food consumption, abdominal fat mass densities, weights of abdominal fat pads deposited in the abdominal cavity, and serum AST, ALT, TC, LDL, TG, and osteocalcin levels were observed, along with decreases in the uterus, liver, and femur weights, mean total body and femur BMD, femur strength, serum bALP, and estradiol levels. In addition, marked hypertrophic alterations in adipocytes located in the deposited abdominal fat pads, liver steatosis, uterine disused atrophic changes, and decreases in bone mass and structures of the femur were also observed in OVX control mice with significant increases in bone resorption markers based on histopathological and histomorphometrical analysis. However, these estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms were significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) inhibited after 84 days of continuous treatment with estradiol and PCS (1, 2 and 4 ml/kg), respectively. The present results suggested that PCS was able to effectively inhibit or refine the climacterium symptoms, including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and osteoporosis, induced by OVX in ddY mice.

FAEE exerts a protective effect against osteoporosis by regulating the MAPK signalling pathway

“…Studies have shown that OVX rats experience a reduction in serum oestrogen levels (Kang et al. 2017 ). In accordance with other studies, we discovered that the serum oestrogen level in model group rats was significantly lower than that in rats in the sham-operated group, and that FAEE treatment led to a marked increase in the serum oestrogen level compared with that in the model group.…”

Anti-Menopausal Effects of Cornus officinalis and Ribes fasciculatum Extract In Vitro and In Vivo

“…Generally, estrogen regulates insulin sensitivity of the insulin-sensitive organs, including the liver, pancreas, and white adipose tissue, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, in addition to affecting lipid metabolism [7,29]. Thus, estrogen deficiency increased triglyceride levels in insulin resistance, leading to increased visceral fat storage and imbalance between HDL and LDL cholesterol [9]. In postmenopausal women, estrogen deficiency may be an important obesity-triggering factor [40].…”

“…Generally, estrogen regulates insulin sensitivity of the insulin-sensitive organs, including liver, pancreas, white adipose tissue, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, in addition to affecting lipid metabolism [8]. Thus, 2 of 15 a deficiency of estrogen leads to increased visceral fat storage, an imbalance between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and increased triglyceride levels, resulting in insulin resistance [9,10]. Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic phenomenon that frequently occurs in postmenopausal women.…”

Protective Effects of 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside on Ovariectomy Induced Osteoporosis Mouse Model

“…Sex hormones influence body fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation. Some researchers have reported that an estrogen deficiency may be an important obesity-triggering factor [ 44 ], and several studies have reported that estrogen deficiency increases the body weight of mice [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In the present study, we showed that the administration of TSG effectively inhibited weight gain by estrogen deficiency.…”