“…Steel is widely used in various industries, such as shipbuilding, petroleum, and construction, due to its availability, affordability, and strength. − However, steel is highly susceptible to corrosion in acidic environments, leading to substantial financial losses for industries, estimated to be in billions of dollars annually . Acids are commonly used in industrial processes like petroleum refining, acid pickling, industrial cleaning, acid descaling, and petrochemical operations, exposing metals to corrosive agents. , One frequently used industrial acid is hydrochloric acid, which corrodes metals through chemical or electrochemical reactions. , …”