Anti-diabetic prospects of dietary bio-actives of millets and the significance of the gut microbiota: A case of finger millet

Abstract

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is a staple food in several parts of the world because of its high nutritional value. In addition to its high nutrient content, finger millet contains numerous bioactive compounds, including polyphenol (10.2 mg/g TAE), flavonoid (5.54 mg/g CE), phytic acid (0.48%), and dietary fiber (15–20%). Polyphenols are known for their anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic role. Phytic acid, previously considered an anti-nutritive substance, is now regarded as a nutraceutical as it reduces carbohydrate digestibility and thus controls post-prandial glucose levels and obesity. Thus, finger millet is an attractive diet for patients with diabetes. Recent findings have revealed that the anti-oxidant activity and bio-accessibility of finger millet polyphenols increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the colon, confirming the role of the gut microbiota. The prebiotic content of finger millet was also utilized by the gut microbiota, such as Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, and Roseburia, to generate colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which are known to be anti-diabetic in nature. Notably, finger millet-induced mucus-degrading Akkermansia muciniphila can also help in alleviate diabetes by releasing propionate and Amuc_1100 protein. Various millet bio-actives effectively controlled pathogenic gut microbiota, such as Shigella and Clostridium histolyticum, to lower gut inflammation and, thus, the risk of diabetes in the host. In the current review, we have meticulously examined the role of gut microbiota in the bio-accessibility of millet compounds and their impact on diabetes.

In vitro fermentation properties of magnesium hydride and related modulation effects on broiler cecal microbiome and metabolome

“…Lactobacillus is widely regarded as a beneficial bacterium that helps maintain a healthy balance of gut microbiota and prevents the invasion of pathogens ( Angelakis and Raoult, 2010 ). Eubacterium has a significant role in reducing systemic inflammation by preserving the integrity of the gut barrier and preventing the invasion of pathogenic microbes and toxins ( Singh et al, 2022 ). Coprococcus , on the other hand, is an important produce of butyrate, which plays a role in evaluating the gastrointestinal tract’s health as a microbial biomarker ( Zhang et al, 2019 ).…”

Managing Diabetes Mellitus With Millets: A New Solution

“…Therefore, a balanced calcium dietary intake is recommended because excessive calcium is linked with mortality and causes vascular events in people receiving calcium supplementation [ 28 , 29 ]. The prebiotic components inherent in millets are metabolized by indigenous bacteria in the human gut to produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids and probiotics from the colon, which have been shown to possess antidiabetic properties [ 30 ]. Foxtail millet is particularly rich in resistant starch, which has the ability to delay gastric emptying and decrease post-consumption blood glucose levels [ 31 ].…”

Millets: A Relief for Diabetics

“…a small study in Mali found that thick porridges and couscous made from millet took twice as long to digest than similar products made from rice, potato or pasta, leaving study participants more satisfied. (12) Millet's slow digestibility is attributed to its high resistant starch and fibre content (13).…”