Anti-Immunology: Evasion of the Host Immune System by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens

Finlay, B. Brett; McFadden, Grant

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.034

Cited by 758 publications

(572 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…Specific strategies that viruses and bacteria use to avoid immune recognition, response and destruction, have been identified (Finlay and McFadden 2006;Schmid-Hempel 2009). These strategies are both complex and diverse, as illustrated below.…”

Section: Evasion Strategies Utilised By Infectious Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immune system responds to infectious agents by deploying interferons and specialised cells such as phagocytes. These specialised cells can internalise and destroy microbes and in addition recruit more immune cells (Finlay and McFadden 2006). Interferons (IFNs) are proteins (called cytokines) that inhibit virus replication and have pleiotropic effects on many aspects of cell physiology, including cell growth, cell motility and cell functions.…”

Section: The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These strategies are both complex and diverse, as illustrated below. Finlay and McFadden (2006) state that a pathogen can avoid, alter or mimic host immune modulators, for example, a virus can seek to change its external surface by studding it with potentially immunomodulatory viral proteins. Bacteria, for example, Streptococcus pneumonia, can mask their surfaces by expressing a carbohydrate capsule, to prevent antibody and complement deposition on its surface, thus avoiding phagocytic clearance.…”

Section: Evasion Strategies Utilised By Infectious Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many infectious agents linked with cancer have their own highly effective immune evasion strategies, which makes their control very difficult. Additionally, both viruses and bacteria have developed parallel strategies to neutralise host immunity, and as viral and bacterial diseases are frequently linked, they can take advantage of weaknesses created by another pathogen, (Finlay and McFadden 2006). There are a multitude of mechanisms both subtle and diverse by which viruses, bacteria, protozoa and various helminths evade the host's immune responses (Schmid-Hempel 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The human immune system’s response to carcinogenic and other infectious agents transmitted by mosquito vectors

Johansson

Ward

2016

Parasitol Res

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It has been hypothesised that mosquitoes [Diptera: Culicidae] may play more of a role in certain cancers than is currently appreciated. Research links 33 infectious agents to cancer, 27 of which have a presence in mosquitoes, and that, in addition, mosquito saliva downregulates the immune system. The objective of this paper is to review the literature on the immune system and cancer-causing infectious agents, particularly those present in mosquitoes, with a view to establishing whether such infectious agents can, in the long run, defeat the immune system or be defeated by it. Many of the viruses, bacteria and parasites recognised by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic and suspected by others as being involved in cancer have evolved numerous complex ways of avoiding, suppressing or altering the immune system's responses. These features, coupled with the multiplicity and variety of serious infectious agents carried by some species of mosquitoes and the adverse effects on the immune system of mosquito saliva, suggest that postmosquito bite the immune system is likely to be overwhelmed. In such a situation, immunisation strategies offer little chance of cancer prevention, unless a single or limited number of critical infectious agents can be isolated from the 'mosquito' cocktail. If that proves to be impossible cancer prevention will, therefore, if the hypothesis proves to be correct, rest on the twin strategies of environmentally controlling the mosquito population and humans avoiding being bitten. The latter strategy will involve determining the factors that demark those being bitten from those that are not.

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Section: Evasion Strategies Utilised By Infectious Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evasion Strategies Utilised By Infectious Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The human immune system’s response to carcinogenic and other infectious agents transmitted by mosquito vectors

Johansson

Ward

2016

Parasitol Res

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“…This provides further evidence of the importance of pathogens to target the caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling axis. [31][32][33][34] Furthermore, this ascribes a new virulence function to HlyA pore forming toxin with dramatic consequences for host survival.…”

Section: Neutralizing Rho Gtpases Downstream Effects To Block Avi Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switching Rho GTPase activation into effective antibacterial defenses requires the caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling axis

Boyer

Lemichez²

2015

Small GTPases

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Immunity to Infections

Sehrawat

Rouse

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Understanding how different pathogens are sensed and recognised by the immune system and an appropriate response generated is critical for devising control strategies. Innate immunity is deployed immediately after the infection, while it takes several days before adaptive immunity effectively kicks in. Key differentiating features of two types of responses are specific recognition and the formation of immunological memory during adaptive immunity. Both types of immune responses are interdependent and play critical role during defence against infections. Recently, emerging trends that challenge well‐established paradigm how innate and adaptive immunity are defined and categorised are highlighted. In addition, factors that make some pathogens less amenable to immune control and unresolved issues in infection immunity are discussed. Key Concepts A concerted activity of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms is critical for defence against microbes. Innate immune responses are not so specific while adaptive immune responses exhibit specificity effected by TCRs and BCRs expressed by T and B cells respectively. Some mediators however act at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. The outcome of infection depends on several host and pathogen properties. Although most infectious agents utilise strategy to outmanoeuvre immunity but immune evasion is not absolute. Most chronic infections induce upregulation of inhibitory receptors on T cells a phenomenon commonly known as immune exhaustion. Blocking signalling induced by inhibitory receptors can reverse function in exhausted T cells. Immune modulatory strategies could be useful to achieve optimal protection conferred by prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

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Anti-Immunology: Evasion of the Host Immune System by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens

Cited by 758 publications

References 159 publications

The human immune system’s response to carcinogenic and other infectious agents transmitted by mosquito vectors

The human immune system’s response to carcinogenic and other infectious agents transmitted by mosquito vectors

Switching Rho GTPase activation into effective antibacterial defenses requires the caspase-1/IL-1beta signaling axis

Immunity to Infections

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