Anti-infective ophthalmic preparations in general practice

Smit, Derrick

doi:10.1080/20786204.2012.10874239

Cited by 5 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Among the metallic nanoparticles, silver NPs are ranked top in antiviral NPs. This is due to the fact that application of silver as an eye solution for the treatment of conjunctivitis [ 177 ]. Later, silver NPs synthesized using chemical methods were evaluated against HIV, herpes, Influenza, and hepatitis virus [ 178 ].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogenic nanoparticles: a comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges

Patil

Chandrasekaran

2020

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

216

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Background Translating the conventional scientific concepts into a new robust invention is a much needed one at a present scenario to develop some novel materials with intriguing properties. Particles in nanoscale exhibit superior activity than their bulk counterpart. This unique feature is intensively utilized in physical, chemical, and biological sectors. Each metal is holding unique optical properties that can be utilized to synthesize metallic nanoparticles. At present, versatile nanoparticles were synthesized through chemical and biological methods. Main body of abstract Metallic nanoparticles pose numerous scientific merits and have promising industrial applications. But concerning the pros and cons of metallic nanoparticle synthesis methods, researchers elevate to drive the synthesis process of nanoparticles through the utilization of plant resources as a substitute for use of chemicals and reagents under the theme of green chemistry. These synthesized nanoparticles exhibit superior antimicrobial, anticancer, larvicidal, leishmaniasis, wound healing, antioxidant, and as a sensor. Therefore, the utilization of such conceptualized nanoparticles in treating infectious and environmental applications is a warranted one. Conclusion Green chemistry is a keen prudence method, in which bioresources is used as a template for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Therefore, in this review, we exclusively update the context of plant-based metallic nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, and applications in detailed coverage. Hopefully, our review will be modernizing the recent trends going on in metallic nanoparticles synthesis for the blooming research fraternities. Graphical abstract

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Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogenic nanoparticles: a comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges

Patil

Chandrasekaran

2020

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

216

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“…The page number in the footer is not for bibliographic referencing www.tandfonline.com/oemd 19 with transient stinging after administration while the oral antiviral agents are usually well-tolerated. 1,2,4,7,11,[15][16][17] Conjunctivitis caused by the Herpes zoster virus that is responsible for shingles, usually involves the eyelids or conjunctiva and may result in uveitis and corneal complications. Patients should be referred to an ophthalmologist with any eye involvement.…”

Section: Viral Conjunctivitis (Herpes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment usually consists of oral aciclovir, famciclovir or valaciclovir (Table I). 1,2,4,7,11,[15][16][17]…”

Section: Viral Conjunctivitis (Herpes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11]1315,[18][19][20][21][22][23] The first line treatment for acute bacterial conjunctivitis in South Africa is chloramphenicol eye drops or ointment (Table I). 3,15,17 Treatment should not exceed 5 days, to limit adverse effects and resistance developing. With frequent application, serious overuse and long-term use, optic neuropathies, blood dyscrasias and aplastic anaemia have been reported.…”

Section: Bacterial Conjunctivitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With frequent application, serious overuse and long-term use, optic neuropathies, blood dyscrasias and aplastic anaemia have been reported. [15][16][17] In the event of inadequate response to chloramphenicol or confirmed resistant organisms, topical fusidic acid eye drops, aminoglycoside eye drops or ointment (framycetin, tobramycin, neomycin), fluoroquinolone eye drops (ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin) or bacitracin/polymyxin B eye ointment can be prescribed (Table I). 1,2,4,5,8,9,11,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Fusidic acid is effective against staphylococci, however due to an increased risk of resistance it is not a first line agent.…”

Section: Bacterial Conjunctivitismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Ophthalmic Conjunctivitis

Eyk

2018

S Afr Fam Pract

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Conjunctivitis is a common eye condition involving inflammation and in some instances infection of the conjunctiva. In the majority of cases it is caused by adenoviruses and to a lesser extent bacteria. Conjunctivitis can also occur secondary to Chlamydial and Gonococcal infections and new-born infants can acquire it during the birthing process from infected mothers. Herpes simplex and Herpes zoster are the infective organisms also responsible for conjunctivitis while seasonal pollens are usually the cause for allergic conjunctivitis. Common symptoms and signs are redness, tearing, oedema of the eyelids, sensation of a foreign body and it may be accompanied by itching. Most often a purulent discharge and adherence of eyelids at awakening are indicators of a bacterial infection. Most of the uncomplicated acute cases are self-limiting. There is however a challenge in distinguishing between the various types of conjunctivitis due to the similarity in the symptoms and due to a lack of tests and prediction algorithms, thus antibiotic therapy is often incorrectly initiated. Treatment of acute uncomplicated conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses and bacteria is mostly symptomatic. Topical eye drops and ointments are preferred to oral agents in the treatment of more severe bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis while oral agents are used in the treatment of conjunctivitis caused by Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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Ocular delivery systems for topical application of anti-infective agents

Duxfield

Sultana

Wang

et al. 2015

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

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For the treatment of anterior eye segment infections using anti-infective agents, topical ocular application is the most convenient route of administration. However, topical delivery of anti-infective agents is associated with a number of problems and challenges owing to the unique structure of the eye and the physicochemical properties of these compounds. Topical ocular drug delivery systems can be classified into two forms: conventional and non-conventional. The efficacy of conventional ocular formulations is limited by poor corneal retention and permeation resulting in low ocular bioavailability. Recently, attention has been focused on improving topical ocular delivery of anti-infective agents using advanced drug delivery systems. This review will focus on the challenges of efficient topical ocular delivery of anti-infective agents and will discuss the various types of delivery systems used to improve the treatment anterior segment infections.

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Anti-infective ophthalmic preparations in general practice

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Biogenic nanoparticles: a comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges

Biogenic nanoparticles: a comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges

Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Ophthalmic Conjunctivitis

Ocular delivery systems for topical application of anti-infective agents

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