Anti‐inflammatory activity of cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside liposomes in THP‐1 macrophages

Abstract

Inflammation is a response of the body to stimulation, which may be beneficial or harmful. Inflammation may either be acute or chronic, and is related to the homeostasis of physiological systems in vivo. Inflammation is associated with many diseases and is the basis of most pathological processes. The main causes of inflammation are infection and tissue damage, which can lead to the concentration of leukocytes and plasma proteins (Medzhitov, 2008).Chronic inflammation is involved in many diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer (Coussens & Werb, 2002;

Liposomal Co-delivery of PD-L1 siRNA/Anemoside B4 for Enhanced Combinational Immunotherapeutic Effect

“…TNF-α is an important mediator in the process of the proinflammatory response, which induces apoptosis and regulates immunity. 60 Collectively, these data suggest that AB4/siP-c-L treatment can reduce Tregs and increase maturation of DCs, leading to an increased population of NK cells and activated T cells and modulation of immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive cytokine release to generate strong antitumor immunity, which ultimately results in the inhibition of tumor growth. Western blotting analysis of tumor lysates is shown in Figure 9A.…”

Nanoencapsulation of Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside: Purpose, Technique, Bioavailability, and Stability

“…However, C3G is chemically unstable. The phenolic hydroxyl groups in the structure of C3G prevent it from steadily existing for a very long time [ 109 ]. C3G degradation was likely caused by the hydrolysis of the carbon atom at position C2, which caused the pyrylium ring of anthocyanin to open and generate a chalcone structure [ 45 ].…”

“…Numerous studies have demonstrated that C3G-encapsulated nanoparticles have strong encapsulation efficiency as well as the potential to further enhance and provide a framework for the investigation of C3G nanoparticle applications in functional foods [ 109 , 119 , 120 ]. Converging research has recently shown that the natural pigment C3G has an impact on several physiological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer, antioxidant activity, and antidiabetic effects [ 121 ].…”

“…According to the findings, C3G liposomes had no impact on the shape and structure of mitochondria, and at the same time, it can increase the antioxidant activity and stability of C3G. In a recently published study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities of the encapsulated C3G liposomes have been evaluated in vitro [ 109 ]. According to evidence, C3G liposomes are effective in inhibiting several inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (I L)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.…”

“…Furthermore, C3G liposomes might have the potential for protecting macrophages from apoptosis. However, it has been concluded that liposome encapsulation provides C3G with some level of protection [ 109 ]. Regarding the application of C3G in food processing, as an alternative to synthetic colors for making jelly powder, the C3G was encapsulated using several encapsulating materials, including gum Arabic, maltodextrin, gelatin, or their combination [ 117 ].…”