Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Activities of Methanol Extract from Aerial Part of Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of the methanol extract from the aerial part of Phlomis younghusbandii (MEAP) and to explore the possible related mechanisms. Anti-inflammatory effects of MEAP were evaluated by using the ear edema test induced by dimethylbenzene and vascular permeability test induced by acetic acid. Anti-nociceptive activities of MEAP were evaluated by the chemical nociception in models of acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking, and by the thermal nociception in hot plate tests. Mechanisms of MEAP activities also were explored by evaluating expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS induced by LPS using real-time fluorogenic PCR and expression of COX-2 using Western blotting and an open-field test. The results indicated that the MEAP administered orally could significantly decrease ear edema induced by dimethylbenzene and increase vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. Additionally, the nociceptions induced by acetic acid and formalin were significantly inhibited. The anti-nociceptive effect could not be decreased by naloxone in the formalin test, and MEAP did not affect the normal autonomic activities of mice. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS) induced by LPS were decreased obviously by treatment with MEAP. Furthermore, COX-2 expression in the spinal dorsal horns of the pain model mice induced by formalin was significantly down-regulated by MEAP. In conclusion, MEAP has significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, and the mechanisms may be related to the down-regulated expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2.

Investigation of the effect of phlomisoside F on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis

“…It has been reported that Phlomis Radix can be used to treat RA (26). For instance, Wang et al (27) demonstrated that the methanol extract from the aerial parts of Phlomis younghusbandii has anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects, and that PF is found in the methanol extract. Inflammation is the key clinical manifestation of arthritis (42), thus, the anti-arthritic activity of PF in the AA model was investigated in the current study in order to determine whether PF is a major anti-arthritic constituent in Phlomis younghusbandii.…”

“…In order to determine the concentration at which PF induced acute toxicity to rats, they were treated with various concentrations of PF. Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups (n=10 per group), and were orally administered with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 or 180 mg/kg PF, respectively (27). The acute toxicity test suggested that PF treatment up to the concentration of 180 mg/kg did not result in rat mortality within the observation period.…”

“…Phlomis Radix, obtained from the plant Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee (family Labiatae), is commonly used for the treatment of cold, cough, sore throat, pyogenic infections, RA, pneumonia and bronchitis (24)(25)(26)(27). The present study was designed to investigate the anti-arthritic effect and underlying mechanism of phlomisoside F (PF), which is isolated from Phlomis Radix, in rats subjected to carrageen-induced paw edema and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis.…”

Anti-nociceptive effect of total alkaloids isolated from the seeds of Areca catechu L (Arecaceae) in mice

“…Thereafter, the spinal cord was quickly removed, an intact L4 ~ L6 dorsal root was cut and stored into -80 °C liquid nitrogen pending further experiments [19]. To evaluate the COX-2 expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, total proteins of spinal cord tissue were extracted.…”

Inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 by phlomisoside F from <i>Phlomis younghusbandii</i> Mukerjee

“…However, research and study on modern pharmacology of P. younghusbandii is not common. Over the years, several studies demonstrated that the root extracts of P. younghusbandii had anti-bacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [7][8][9]. But whether the extracts or chemical components from Phlomis younghusbandii have anti-cancer activity has not been reported up to now.…”