Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanogels: an in vivo study

Esmaeili, Fariba; Zahmatkeshan, Masoumeh; Yousefpoor, Yaser; Alipanah, Hiva; Safari, Ehsan; Osanloo, Mahmoud

doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03619-9

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that eugenol is an effective free radical scavenger with anticonvulsant, bactericidal, antifungal, analgesic, antiseptic, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant properties. The mechanism of eugenol’s anti-inflammatory action involves the inhibition of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and reduced production of nitrous oxide radicals [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice

et al. 2023

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Inflammation is an organism’s biological defense mechanism. Acute and chronic inflammation of the body triggers the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that can affect the content of cytokines in the brain and thus cause brain inflammation. Disorders such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often associated with elevated inflammation. Recently, positive and promising clinical results of psilocybin for the treatment of depression and PTSD were reported. Thus, we decided to test whether psilocybin alone or in combination with eugenol, an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, would prevent the increase in or decrease the content of cytokines in the brain of C57BL/6J mice injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Two experiments were performed, one with pre-treatment of mice through gavage with psilocybin (0.88 mg/kg), eugenol (17.6 mg/kg), or combinations of psilocybin and eugenol (1:10, 1:20, or 1:50), followed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, and the second, post-treatment, with initial injection with LPS, followed by treatment with psilocybin, eugenol, or their combination. Brain tissues were collected, and cytokines were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test or with multiple unpaired t-tests. LPS upregulated mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. All pre-treatments decreased the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α, with psilocybin alone and in 1:50 combination, with eugenol being the most effective. In the post-treatment, all combinations of psilocybin and eugenol were effective in reducing inflammation, with the 1:50 ratio displaying the most prominent results in reducing the mRNA content of tested cytokines. Western blot analysis confirmed the effect on COX-2 and IL-1β proteins. Finally, the ELISA showed that post-treatment with psilocybin + eugenol (1:50) demonstrated the best results, decreasing the expression of multiple markers including IL-6 and IL-8. This demonstrates the anti-inflammatory effects of a combination of psilocybin and eugenol in the brain of animals with systemically induced inflammation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice

et al. 2023

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“…DLS is routinely observed in NE papers (Azami et al, 2018;Esmaeili, Zahmatkeshan, et al, 2022;Firooziyan et al, 2021). However, several factors may influence the accuracy of the method.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the characterization methods mentioned, some methods have been employed occasionally. For example, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) could be used to determine the interactions between the drug loaded and other excipients (Esmaeili, Zahmatkeshan, et al, 2022; Moghaddasi et al, 2018). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has also been carried out to study the possible effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) on other excipients of the NE (Gué et al, 2016).…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current challenges ahead in preparation, characterization, and pharmaceutical applications of nanoemulsions

Yousefpoor,

Esnaashari,

Baharifar

et al. 2023

WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

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Nanoemulsions (NEs) are emulsions with particle size of less than around 100 nm. Reviewing the literature, several reports are available on NEs, including preparation, characterization, and applications of them. This review aims to brief challenges that researchers or formulators may encounter when working with NEs. For instance, when selecting NE components and identifying their concentrations, stability and safety of the preparation should be evaluated. When preparing an NE, issues over scale‐up of the preparation as well as possible effects of the preparation process on the active ingredient need to be considered. When characterizing the NEs, the two major concerns are accuracy of the method and accessibility of the characterizing instrument. Also a highly efficient NE for clinical use to deliver the active ingredient to the target tissue with maximum safety profile is commonly sought. Throughout the review we also have tried to suggest approaches to overcome the challenges.This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

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“…Its bark, commonly known as cinnamon, has a unique fragrance and flavor. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that CJ has various biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer [ 12 ], and anti-inflammatory effects [ 13 ]. However, most studies have confirmed the efficacy of CJ water extracts but not that of its other extracts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold Branch Extracts Attenuate NO and ROS Production via the Inhibition of p38 and JNK Phosphorylation

2023

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Cinnamomum japonicum (CJ) is widely distributed in Asian countries like Korea, China, and Japan. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that it exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, most studies have confirmed the efficacy of its water extract but not that of its other extracts. Therefore, in this study, Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold branches (CJB: 70% EtOH extract) were separated using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (CJB3), butanol, and water. Then, their antioxidative activities and phenolic contents were measured. Results revealed that the antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of CJB3 were higher than those of the other extracts. Further, the inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effect of CJB3 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and LPS-activated macrophages, respectively, was determined. CJB3 suppressed oxidative stress in LPS-activated cells and dose-dependently decreased LPS-stimulated ROS production. CJB3 reduced oxidative stress and reversed the glutathione decrease in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. The inhibitory and reducing effect of CJB3 on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase protein and messenger RNA levels, respectively, was investigated. CJB3 inhibited LPS-induced cytokine production and p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Overall, the study results suggest that CJB3 may exert its anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of p38, JNK, and c-Jun activation.

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Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanogels: an in vivo study

Cited by 32 publications

References 56 publications

The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice

The Effect of Combined Treatment of Psilocybin and Eugenol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Inflammation in Mice

Current challenges ahead in preparation, characterization, and pharmaceutical applications of nanoemulsions

Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold Branch Extracts Attenuate NO and ROS Production via the Inhibition of p38 and JNK Phosphorylation

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