Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of p-methoxycinnamic acid, an active phenylpropanoid, against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis

Abstract

p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA) is an active phenolic acid found in rice bran, turmeric, brown rice, Kaempferia galanga, buckwheat inflorescence, etc. Earlier, we have reported that p-methoxycinnamic acid possesses antioxidant and antilipidperoxidative effects on 1,2-dimethylhyrdrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study is to unravel the anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of p-MCA against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control, group 2 rats received 40 mg/kg b.wt. of p-MCA in 0.1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) every day, and colon cancer was induced in groups 3-6 using DMH at the dose of (20 mg/kg b.wt. subcutaneously) once a week for 15 weeks. In addition, along with DMH, groups 4 (initiation), 5 (post initiation) and 6 (entire period) rats received p-MCA (40 mg/kg b.wt.) p.o. every day during different time periods for the total experimental period of 30 weeks. Colon of animals treated with DMH showed an increased number of aberrant crypt foci (ACFs), increased nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-κB p65 subunit, increased expression of inflammatory markers (iNOS, COX-2), cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6), cyclin D1, antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2), metastasis marker (matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)) and angiogenic marker (vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF) and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspases 3 and 9). On supplementing with p-MCA (40 mg/kg b.wt.) throughout the entire experimental period, DMH-induced pathological alterations reversed significantly to normal.

The anti-cancer activity and potential clinical application of rice bran extracts and fermentation products

“…30 Studies have demonstrated that rice bran extracts and FRB serve critical roles in the regulation of oxidative response, inammatory reaction, immune function, cholesterol metabolism, and tumor suppression. [31][32][33] In this study, we emphasized the potential function of rice bran extracts and FRB in cancer prevention and therapy.…”

Biological Properties, Health Benefits and Enzymatic Modifications of Dietary Methoxylated Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid

“…The data presented in Table 1 indicate a number of anticancer properties of methoxy derivatives of cinnamic acid [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Of particular interest seems to be the anticancer activity of p -MCA acid, which against colon cancer cells (HCT-116) is similar to doxorubicin.…”

Synbiotic Combination of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and Lactobacillus acidophilus Inhibits Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats

“…3 No ACF observed. 4 All rats were administered with DMH/DSS. C, AIN-93G diet; D, AIN-93G containing 10% djulis; DLA, AIN-93G containing 10% djulis + 5 × 10 6 cfu L. acidophilus/g; DHA, AIN-93G containing 10% djulis + 5 × 10 7 cfu L. acidophilus/g.…”

“…Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates inflammation and plays an important role in CRC. Increased COX-2 expression has been detected in both colorectal tumor-bearing animals [4] and CRC patients [5].…”

“…All rats were administered with DMH/DSS. C, AIN-93G diet; D, AIN-93G containing 10% djulis; DLA, AIN-93G containing 10% djulis + 5 × 10 6 L. acidophilus; DHA, AIN-93G containing 10% djulis + 5 × 10 7 L. acidophilus 4. SUM, sulfomucin; MIX, mixed sulfumucin and sialomucin; SIM, sialomucin 5.…”