Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Piper betle Linn. (Piper betle L.) leaves and stems by inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Anti‐Inflammatory Activities of Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene Glycosides from the Aqueous Extract of Artemisia annua L.

“…Upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), RAW 264.7 macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 through multiple inflammation signaling pathways [20] . To determine whether the new compounds inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, the samples were pretreated with compounds 1 – 7 before LPS treatment and the levels of IL‐6 were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( Figure 5).…”

“…Upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), RAW 264.7 macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 through multiple inflammation signaling pathways. [20] To determine whether the new compounds inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, the samples were pretreated with compounds 1 -7 before LPS treatment and the levels of IL-6 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Figure 5). Compared with the LPS-only treated control, compounds 1-7 inhibited the IL-6 levels by almost 50 %, 40 %, 10 %, 20 %, 50 %, 20 %, and 30 %, respectively, by at a concentration of 50 μM and by more than 60 %, 60 %, 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 70 %, and 70 %, respectively, at a concentration of 100 μM.…”

Evaluation of antioxidant and antipyretic effects of ethanolic extract of Cep-cepan leaves ( Castanopsis costata (Blume) A.DC)

“…In this way, the body matches the bloodbrain temperature with the new set-point created by the hypothalamus. During fever, there is an increase in the formation of cytokines (interleukins, interferons (α,β), as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha) [15][16][17]. Furthermore, these cytokines migrate to the circumventricular organs of the brain and bind to endothelial receptors on the vessel wall or interact with local microglial cells.…”

Effects of Drying Methods on the Antioxidant Properties of Piper betle Leaves

“…Another study by Sahu et al [16] showed that drying temperatures affect the antioxidant activity of P. betle leaves, specifically at high temperatures (80 • C) where polyphenol oxidases could have degraded, causing a reduction in the antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of dried P. betle leaves was shown to contain potent antioxidant compounds like hydroxychavicol, which reduced inflammation by mediating the downregulation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways [17]. It is also worth noting that these bioactive compounds in the leaves vary based on factors like geographical origin; therefore, it is important to not overgeneralise and continuously monitor their quality as health-promoting foods.…”