Anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effect of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on gingival fibroblasts and macrophages

Abstract

Background Recurrent aphthous stomatitis has a complex and inflammatory origin. Among the great variety of medications it is increasingly common to use herbal medicines due to the adverse side effects of chemical medications. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamaldehyde and the lack of studies related to the effectiveness of its nano form; This study investigates the effect of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on the healing rate of recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesions. Methods In a laboratory experiment, cinnamaldehyde was converted into niosomal nanoparticles. The niosome vesicles diameter and polydispersity index were measured at 25°C using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Panalytical technologies: UK) and Zetasizer Nano ZS system (Malvern Instruments Worcestershire: UK). After characterizing these particles, the (2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) [XTT] assay was used to assess the toxicity of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on gingival fibroblast (HGF) and macrophage (THP-1) cells. By determining the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β cytokines using ELISA kits, the level of tissue repair and anti-inflammatory capabilities of these two substances were evaluated. Results The size and loading rate of the cinnamaldehyde nanoparticles were established after its creation. The optimized nanovesicle exhibited the following characteristics: particle size of 228.75 ± 2.38 nm, PDI of 0.244 ± 0.01, the zeta potential of -10.87 ± 1.09 mV and the drug encapsulation percentage of 66.72 ± 3.93%. PDIs range was between 0.242–0.274. The zeta potential values at 25°C were from -2.67 to -12.9 mV. The results of the XTT test demonstrated that nano cinnamaldehyde exhibited dose-dependent toxicity effects. Moreover, nano cinnamaldehyde released more TGF-β and had better reparative effects when taken at lower concentrations than cinnamaldehyde. Conclusion Nano cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde are effective in repairing tissue when used in non-toxic amounts. After confirmation in animal models, it is envisaged that these substances can be utilized to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Fabrication and Evaluation of a Soy Protein Isolate/Collagen/Sodium Alginate Multifunctional Bilayered Wound Dressing: Release of Cinnamaldehyde, Artemisia absinthium, and Oxygen

“…On the seventh and 14th day, the BLWD-treated group and TEBADERM treated group showed consistent and almost intact epidermal tissue, with regenerated cutaneous appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands within the subcutaneous tissue (Figure ). Furthermore, the BLWD-treated group demonstrated a notable increase in vascularization and angiogenesis, which can be attributed to the presence of cinnamaldehyde and AA extract. − …”

“…Figure demonstrates that inflammation response was observed around the surgical site in all four groups after 3 days of surgery. However, the BLWD-treated groups exhibited minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells, attributed to the inflammation suppression by cinnamaldehyde and AA extract. − …”

Explorative Study on Volatile Organic Compounds of Cinnamon Based on GC-IMS

“…It can be seen that terpenes are the main components of VOCs in cinnamon, followed by aldehydes and esters. Among them, cinnamic aldehyde is an important contributor to the unique aroma and flavor of cinnamon, and it has very important pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial [33][34][35]. Through the 3D spectrum, 2D spectrum, and color difference spectrum obtained by GC-IMS technology, we can clearly and intuitively see obvious differences in the VOCs in cinnamon from different origins.…”